Tag: Powell

Treasury Yields Jump Ahead of Crucial Economic Data and Powell Testimony

Posted on by slightbourne@noblecapitalmarkets.com

U.S. Treasury yields kicked off the new week on an upswing as investors braced for a slew of high-impact economic releases and testimony from Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell that could shape the central bank’s monetary policy path. With inflation still running high and the labor market remaining resilient, all eyes are on the incoming data to gauge whether the Fed’s aggressive rate hikes have begun cooling economic activity enough to potentially allow a pause or pivot.

The yield on the 10-year Treasury note, a benchmark for mortgage rates and other consumer lending products, rose by around 4 basis points to 4.229% on Monday. The 2-year yield, which is highly sensitive to Fed policy expectations, spiked over 5 basis points higher to 4.585%. Yields rise when bond prices fall as investors demand higher returns to compensate for inflation risks.

The move in yields came ahead of a data-heavy week packed with labor market indicators that could influence whether the Fed continues hiking rates or signals a prolonged pause is forthcoming. Investors have been hanging on every new economic report in hopes of clarity on when the central bank’s tightening cycle may finally conclude.

“The labor market remains the key variable for Fed policy, so any upside surprises on that front will likely be interpreted as raising the prospect of further rate hikes,” said Kathy Bostjancic, chief U.S. economist at Oxford Economics. “Conversely, signs of cooling could open the door to rate hikes ending soon and discussion over rate cuts later this year.”

This week’s labor market highlights include the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) for January on Wednesday, ADP’s monthly private payrolls report on Thursday, and the ever-important nonfarm payrolls data for February on Friday. Economists project the economy added 205,000 jobs last month, according to Refinitiv estimates, down from January’s blockbuster 517,000 gain but still a solid pace of hiring.

Beyond employment, investors will also scrutinize fresh insights from Fed Chair Powell when he delivers his semi-annual monetary policy testimony to Congress on Wednesday and Thursday. Any signals Powell sends about upcoming rate decisions and the central bank’s perspective on achieving price stability could spark volatility across markets.

“Given how uncertain the path is regarding where rates will peak and how long they’ll remain at that level, markets will be hyper-focused on Powell’s latest take,” DataTrek co-founder Nick Colas commented. “Right now, futures are pricing in one more 25 basis point hike at the March meeting followed by a pause, but that could certainly change depending on Powell’s tone this week.”

Interest rates in the fed funds futures market are currently implying a 70% probability the Fed raises its benchmark rate by a quarter percentage point later this month to a target range of 4.75%-5.00%. However, projections for where rates peak remain widely dispersed, ranging from 5.00%-5.25% on the dovish end up to 5.50%-5.75% at the hawkish extreme if inflationary forces persist.

Central to the Fed’s calculus is progress on its dual mandate of achieving maximum employment and price stability. While the labor market has remained extraordinarily tight, the latest inflation data has sent mixed signals, muddling the policy outlook.

In January, the Fed’s preferred inflation gauge – the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index – showed an annual increase of 5.4% for the headline figure and 4.7% for the core measure that strips out volatile food and energy costs. While still well above the 2% target, the year-over-year readings decelerated from December, potentially marking a peak for this cycle.

However, other data including the consumer price index and producer prices have painted a stickier inflation picture. Rapidly rising services costs, stubbornly high rents, and short-term inflation expectations ticking higher have all fueled anxiety that the disinflationary process isn’t playing out as smoothly as hoped.

Complicating matters is the impact of higher rates for longer on economic growth and the broader financial system. Last week’s reports of Silicon Valley Bank and Silvergate Capital making severe business cuts crystallized the double-edged sword of tighter monetary policy. While intended to cool demand and thwart inflation, rising borrowing costs can tip the scale towards financial stress.

Given these cross-currents, all eyes will be fixated on this week’s dataflow and Powell’s latest rhetoric. Softer labor market figures and more affirmation inflation is peaking could pave the way for an extended pause in rate hikes later this year. But a continued barrage of hot data and rising inflation expectations could embolden the Fed to deliver additional super-sized rate increases to fortify its inflation-fighting credibility, even at the risk of raising recession risks. Market participants should brace for a pivotal week ahead.

Will the New Buzzword Being Bandied About Regarding Inflation Be “r-star”?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

Federal Reserve Chairman’s Speech at Jackson Hole Symposium Sparks Speculation on Subject and Market Impact

There’s an economic concept that is expected to be included in Fed Chair Powell’s next speech that may soon become the new buzzword. It may be worth a minute now to be sure there is a thorough understanding. Especially if his address at the Jackson Hole Symposium begins to drive markets one way or the other. Other news outlets say Powell’s address may be a pivotal moment that could potentially reshape the stock market landscape. Last year they said the same thing, but instead his address was a yawner, ultra-safe, with no new information for the markets to use.

Scheduled for 10:05 ET Friday morning, Powell’s address, it is said, may center around the concept of the neutral rate of interest, a theoretical but influential notion that holds the potential to send ripples through financial markets.

The neutral rate of interest, also referred to as r* or r-star, represents the level of real short-term interest rates anticipated to prevail when the U.S. economy is at its peak strength and inflation remains stable. Analysts estimate this real neutral rate to be around 0.5%, calculated by deducting the Federal Reserve’s 2% inflation target from policymakers’ latest predictions for the long-term trajectory of the fed funds rate. Speculation suggests that the neutral rate might be on the rise, given the current economic performance.

Amidst an environment where the U.S. economy appears to be gathering momentum, even following a series of interest rate hikes that brought rates to a 22-year high of 5.25%-5.5%, the stakes are high for determining the correct theoretical level for the neutral rate. The economy achieved a robust growth rate of 2% in the first quarter, followed by 2.4% in the second quarter. The Atlanta Fed’s GDPNow model projects an astonishing 5.8% growth rate for real gross domestic product in the third quarter, a figure met with skepticism but indicative of the economy’s notable resilience.

Investors will be hanging on the Fed chair’s every utterance, clarity from Powell’s address to better comprehend the Fed’s perspective on this crucial neutral rate. What a higher neutral rate could mean is policymakers could find themselves compelled to implement additional hikes to fed-funds. This scenario would result in longer periods of higher borrowing costs and a delay in the timing of the first rate reduction.

Traders and investors have already adjusted their expectations to anticipate the Federal Reserve maintaining elevated interest rates for a longer period.

This year has seen significant gains in the stock market, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) rising by 4%, the S&P 500 (SPX) surging by 15.5%, and the Nasdaq Composite (COMP) leading the pack with a remarkable 31.1% increase. Investors and traders are cautiously optimistic about a scenario where the U.S. economy navigates a soft landing, with inflation trending downward.

In the days leading up to Powell’s speech at the Kansas City Fed’s Jackson Hole symposium, the Treasury market has already incorporated expectations of stronger-than-anticipated U.S. economic growth. Yields for 10-year and 30-year Treasury bonds reached multiyear highs, though they retraced slightly in the days following. However, market participants anticipate potential fluctuations in response to Powell’s remarks, which could trigger further yield adjustments.

The recent upswing in yields, leading to the highest closing levels since 2007 and 2011 for the 10-year and 30-year rates, respectively, has been given as the reason for the decline in U.S. stock values during August. The S&P 500 experienced a decline of over 3% during the month.

Take Away

Understanding r* or r-star in advance may prevent some scurrying at 10:10 AM ET tomorrow. While Market participants eagerly await Powell’s speech, hoping for insights that will shed light on the Federal Reserve’s outlook regarding the neutral rate and its potential impact on monetary policy and the stock market, last year his words were short, and seemed to be designed to convey nothing new.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

No Suit, No Tie, No Problem – What Happens in Jackson Hole?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

What to Expect Out of This Year’s Jackson Hole Symposium

Since 1978, the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City has sponsored an annual event to discuss an important economic issue facing the U.S. and world economies. From 1982, the symposium has been hosted at the Jackson Lake Lodge at Grand Teton National Park, in Wyoming. The event brings together economists, financial market participants, academics, U.S. government representatives, and news media to discuss long-term policy issues of mutual concern. The 2023 Economic Policy Symposium. “Structural Shifts in the Global Economy,” will be held Aug. 24-26.

Those attending are selected based on each year’s topic with consideration for regional diversity, background, and industry. In a typical year, about 120 people attend.

The event features a collegiate feel with thoughtful discussion among the participants. The caliber and status of participants and the important topics being discussed draw substantial interest from the financial community in the symposium. Despite the interest in the annual event, The Jackson Hole event works best as a smaller open discussion, attendance at the event is limited.

Similarly, although the Federal Reserve District Bank receives numerous requests from media outlets worldwide, press attendance is also limited to a group that is selected to provide important transparency to the symposium, but not overwhelm or influence the proceedings. All symposium participants, including members of the press, pay a fee to attend. The fees are then used to recover event expenses.

Source: Federal Reserve, Kansas City, MO

What’s discussed?

The Kansas City Fed chooses the topic each year and asks experts to write papers on related subtopics. To date, more than 150 authors have presented papers on topics such as inflation, labor markets and international trade. All papers are available online.

Papers provided to the Bank in advance and presented at the annual economic policy symposium will be posted online at the time they are presented at the event. Other papers, such as conference comments, are posted as they become available. Additionally, transcripts of the proceedings are posted on the website as they become available, a process that generally takes a few months. Finally, the papers and transcripts are compiled into proceedings books which are both posted on the website and published in a volume that is available online or in print, free of charge.

Source: Federal Reserve, Kansas City, MO

Worldwide Representation

The goal of the Economic Policy Symposium when it began was to provide a vehicle for promoting public discussion and exchanging ideas. Throughout the event’s history in Jackson Hole, attendees from 70 countries have gathered to share their diverse perspectives and experiences.

Source: Federal Reserve, Kansas City, MO

This year’s theme will explore several significant, and potentially long-lasting, developments affecting the global economy. While the immediate disruption of the pandemic is fading, there likely will be long-lasting aftereffects for how economies are structured, both domestically and globally, as trade networks shift, and global financial flows react. Similarly, the policy response to the pandemic and its aftermath could have persistent effects as economies adjust to rapid shifts in the stance of monetary policy and a substantial increase in sovereign debt. The papers will share how these developments are likely to affect the context for growth and monetary policy in the coming decade.

The full agenda will be available at the start of the event on Thursday, Aug. 24 at 8 p.m. ET/6 p.m. MT. Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell’s remarks will be streamed on the Kansas City Fed’s YouTube channel, on Friday, Aug. 25 at 10:05 a.m. ET/8:05 a.m. MT. Papers and other materials will be posted on the Kansas City Fed’s website as they are presented during the event.

What Else

The markets seem to be expecting hawkish comments from the US Central Bank President on Friday at Jackson Hole. This is being priced in, as investors expect the Fed Chair may say something that spooks the bond market which naturally impacts stocks. There has been a lot of talk about how central banks globally should treat target inflation, all ears will be on that subject.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

The Week Ahead – Jackson Hole, Johannesburg, Consumer Sentiment

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

 Powell’s Talk at the Jacksonhole Symposium Won’t be Until Friday

The light economic calendar is likely to take a backseat to the annual Jackson Hole Symposium this week and the BRICS summit in Johannesburg, South Africa. In Jackson Hole, the overriding theme is  “Structural Shifts in the Global Economy”. The annual meeting is intended to have an overriding academic tone, but the number of Fed policymakers involved allows the markets to listen for any meaningful interest rate bias. The expected focus is on remarks from those actually conducting monetary policy, US central bankers. Powell is scheduled to give his speech on the “Economic Outlook” at 10:05 ET on Friday. Meanwhile, 9,900 miles away, the BRICS group of major emerging economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – will hold its heads of state and government summit in Johannesburg from Aug. 22-24. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, Chinese President Xi Jinping, Brazil’s President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi are expected to attend in person. Russian President Vladimir Putin will not attend in person, as there is an arrest warrant out related to the war in Ukraine. He is expected to attend virtually. The markets will be interested to see if the group expands by allowing other countries,also any news related to the New Development Bank (NDB) sometimes called the BRICS bank, and all around economic cooperation.

Stocks may also take their cue from interest rates and the longer end of the yield curve, which has begun adjusting with rising rates for longer-dated maturities.

Monday 8/21

•             There is no key data being released and no expected talks or events with market implications.

Tuesday 8/22

•             7:30 AM ET, Richmond Fed President Thomas Barkin is scheduled to speak. Recent comments from Barkin have been hopeful. Barkin recently said the greater-than-expected easing in inflation in June may be an indication that the US economy can have a “soft landing,” returning to price stability without a damaging recession.

•             10:00 AM ET, the Existing Home Sales annual rate for July is to be at the same level as it was in June, 4.16 million. The National Association of Realtors has been citing a lack of available inventory for the slow pace of sales as existing homeowners are choosing to keep their lower mortgage rates.

•             2:30 PM ET, Chicago Fed President Austan Goolsbee is scheduled to speak. Goolsbee has made it clear he is on the fence as to whether tightening at the September meeting is warranted.

Wednesday 8/23

•             9:45 AM ET, Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) composite for services is expected to show that the number holds above 50 in July, as it has for the last six PMI releases. As for manufacturing,  the consensus is 48.8, which would be down a bit from the  49 reported in June.

•             10:00 AM ET,  New Home Sales in July, a month before mortgage rates began their recent spike, is expected to move higher to a 702,000 annual rate after slowing to 697,000 in June which, though lower than expected, was still the second highest rate in more than a year.

•             10:30 PM ET, EIA The Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides the Petroleum Status Report weekly with information on petroleum inventories in the US, whether produced in the US or abroad. The level of inventories helps determine prices for petroleum products.

•             8:30 PM ET, BRICS Summit.

•            11:00 PM ET, Jackson Hole Symposium.

Thursday 8/24

•             8:30 AM ET, Durable Goods Orders are forecast to fall 4% for August after a 4.6% increase in July, pushed higher by aircraft orders. Ex-transportation orders are forecast to be up 0.2%, with core capital goods orders unchanged.

•             4:30 AM ET, The Fed’s Balance Sheet is expected to have decreased by $31.208 billion to $8.146 trillion for the seven day period ending August 23. This would be a $61.5 billion decline. Market participants and Fed watchers look to this weekly set of numbers to determine, among other things if the Fed is on track with its stated quantitative tightening (QT) plan.

Friday 8/25

•             10:00 AM ET, Consumer Sentiment is expected to end August at 71.2, unchanged from August’s mid-month flash with year-ahead inflation expectations also expected to be unchanged at 3.3%.

•             10:05 AM ET, US Federal Reserve Chairman is expected to give his address at Jackson Hole.

What Else

Have you attended an in-person roadshow organized by Noble Capital Markets? Noble has been reaching out to retail and institutional investors and holding these events designed for investors to meet management teams. Investors have been able to discover more about their companies, often enough to make an informed decision. The forum has been getting rave reviews from investors and company management teams. Use this link to see if a roadshow is scheduled near you.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://tradingeconomics.com/calendar

https://us.econoday.com/byweek.asp?cust=us

Is this the Soft Landing They Told Us Could Not Happen?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

Weighing in on Powell’s Chances of a Hard Landing

Is the U.S. economy headed toward a soft landing? While rare, the numbers are beginning to argue in favor on the side of a soft landing versus a hard one. An economic soft landing is a situation in which the Federal Reserve is able to slow economic growth without causing a recession. A hard landing, on the other hand, is a situation in which the central bank’s efforts to slow down economic growth lead to a recession. Recent inflation reports, employment numbers, and economic growth figures are looking more and more like monetary policy over the past year and a half, may be defying past performance; the U.S. might be able to avoid a situation where the economy shrinks (negative growth).

Background

The Federal Reserve has been facing a difficult challenge for almost two years as inflation spiked well above the Fed’s 2% target. In fact increases in prices were at a 40-year high as inflation began to soar toward double-digits. Fed monetary policy, which effectively controls the money in the economy, that in turn impacts interest rates, has been acting to raise rates to bring inflation under control. Less money increases the cost of that money (rates), which dampens economic activity.

There has been, and continues to be, a risk that the Fed raises interest rates too high or too quickly, this is the hard landing economic path. The hard landing scenario is more common than soft landings.

The Federal Reserve has a miserable record of achieving soft landings. There have been a few occasions when the Fed has been able to slow down economic growth without causing a recession. One example of success is 1994-1995. During this period the Fed raised interest rates by 2.5% from a starting point of 4.25% in order to bring inflation under control. However, the economy continued to grow during this period, and there was no recession.

Today’s Scenario

The current state of the U.S. economy is uncertain. Inflation is at a 40-year high, and the Fed has been raising interest rates in an effort to bring it under control. However, there is a risk that the Fed will raise interest rates too high or too quickly, which could lead to an economic hard landing, with job losses and negative growth. In fact, after an FOMC meeting in November, Fed Chair Powell said it would be easier to revive the economy if they overtighten, than it would be to lower it if they don’t tighten enough. So to the Fed Chair, a hard landing is better than no landing at all.

There has been a high level of concern amongst stakeholders in the U.S. economy.  One reason is that the U.S. economy is already slow. GDP growth in the first quarter of 2023 was 2.0%, and it is expected to slow in the second quarter. Maintaining  growth while pulling money from the system to reduce stimulus is a difficult maneuver. In fact, it usually ends as a hard, undesirable economic landing.

Another factor that is of concern this time around is the state of the housing market. Home prices rallied with low interest rates during and post pandemic. A fall-off in housing would have a ripple effect throughout the economy, leading to job losses and lower consumer spending. So far, housing has held up as new home sales are strong, and demand for existing homes remains elevated as homeowners with low mortgage rates are deciding to stay put.

Where from Here?

On Monday (July 11), Loretta J. Mester, president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, warned during an address in San Diego that the central bank may need to keep hiking rates as inflation has remained “stubbornly high.” Fed governors go into a blackout period on July 15 as they always do before an FOMC meeting. That meeting will be held on July 25-26. So there is no telling if the voting FOMC members are going to dial back their hawkishness in light of this week’s more favorable CPI report that shows yoy inflation at 3%.  

The Fed’s favored inflation gauge is PCE. The next PCE report is not to be released until July 28, after the July FOMC meeting. The previous report showed that in May, inflation was running at 3.8% over 12 months.

The banking system, which showed some cracks back in March, seems to be shored up; although some problems still exist, a full-scale banking crisis does not seem likely. The Fed would obviously like to keep it this way.

Employment gains were the smallest in 2-1/2 years in June, however the unemployment rate is close to historically low levels and wage growth is still strong, so although wages are not fully working their way into the final cost of goods or services, the industries having to pay the higher wages are likely absorbing some of the cost, which could pull from profits.

Part of the Fed’s tightening has been the less talked about quantitative tightening. This reduces the Fed’s balance sheet which swelled as part of the reaction to the pandemic.  Reducing this in a meaningful way will take time, but even if the Fed remains paused on rate hikes, there is still $90 billion scheduled to be pulled from the economy each month as maturities will be allowed to mature from the Fed’s holdings without being rolled. This my eventually cause U.S. Treasury rates and mortgage rates to tick up as increased Treasury borrowing, and decreased Fed ownership may put downward pressure on prices.

Take Away

The recent CPI report is causing some that argued a soft landing is achievable to celebrate and those that thought it impossible to consider it a possibility. The chances appear greater, and a soft landing is certainly a desirable outcome for stock prices and U.S. economy stakeholders. From here, there are a number of factors that can increase the risk of a hard landing, they include the pace of additional interest rate hikes, and the behavior of the housing markets. We’re entering a period where we will not hear any commentary from Fed governors, and the next major inflation indicator comes after the FOMC meeting, so markets will be on the edge of their seats until July 26 at 2 PM Eastern.

Paul Hoffman

Channelchek, Managing Editor

Sources

https://www.macrotrends.net/2015/fed-funds-rate-historical-chart

https://www.federalreserve.gov/mediacenter/files/FOMCpresconf20220126.pdf

https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product#:~:text=Real%20gross%20domestic%20product%20(GDP,real%20GDP%20increased%202.6%20percent.

https://www.pionline.com/economy/cooling-inflation-gives-investors-momentary-breather-asset-managers-say

https://www.bea.gov/data/personal-consumption-expenditures-price-index#:~:text=The%20PCE%20price%20index%2C%20released,included%20in%20the%20GDP%20release.

Should Investors Expect Ongoing Monetary Policy Tightening Through 2023?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

Is the Fed Falling Behind on Slowing the Economy?

Is the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy losing out to inflationary pressures? While supply chain costs have long been taken out of the inflation forecast, demand pressures have been stronger than hoped for by the Fed. One area of demand is the labor markets. While the Federal Reserve has a dual mandate to keep prices stable and maximize employment, the shortage of workers is adding to demand-pull inflation as wages are a large input cost in a service economy. As employment remains strong, they have room to raise rates, but if strong employment is a significant cause of price pressures, they may decide to keep the increases coming.

Background

The number of new jobs unfilled increased last month as US job openings rose unexpectedly in April. The total job openings stood at 10.1 million. Make no mistake, the members of the Fed trying to steer this huge economic ship would like to see everyone working. However, with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reporting “unemployed persons” at 5.7 million in April as compared to 10.1 million job openings, creates far more demand than there are people to fill the positions. Those with the right skills will find their worth has climbed as they get bid up by employers that are still financially better off hiring more expensive talent rather than doing without.

This causes wage inflation as these increased business costs work their way down into the final cost of goods and services we consume, as inflation.

Where We’re At

The 10.1 million job openings employers posted is an increase from the 9.7 million in the prior month. It is also the most since January 2023. In contrast, economists had expected vacancies to slip below 9.5 million. The increase and big miss by economists’ forecasting increases in job opportunities is a clear sign of strength in the nation’s labor market. This complicates Chair Jerome Powell’s position, along with other Fed members. 

It isn’t popular to try to crush demand for new employees, but rising consumer costs at more than twice the Fed’s target will be viewed as too much.

The Fed says that it is data driven, this data is unsettling for those hoping for a pause or pivot.


The Investment Climate

These numbers and other strong economic numbers that were reported in April, create some uncertainty for investors as most would prefer to see the Fed stimulating rather than tightening conditions.

But the market has been resilient, despite the Feds’ resolve. The Fed has raised its benchmark interest rate ten times in the last 14 months. Yet jobs remain unfilled, and the stock market has gained quite a bit of ground in 2023. The concern has been that the Fed may overdo it and cause a recession. While even the Fed Chair admitted this is a risk he is willing to take, he also added that it is easier to start a stalled economy than it is to reel one in and the inflation that goes along with expansion.

So the strong labor market (along with other recent data releases) provides room for the Fed to tighten as there are still nearly two jobs for every job seeker. Additional tightening will eventually have the effect of simmering inflation to a more tolerable temperature. If the Fed overdoes it on the brake pedal, according to Powell, he knows where the gas pedal is.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf

Federal Reserve Chairman Powell Reaffirms Commitment to Bring Inflation Down

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Federal Reserve (Flickr)

Ben and Jerry Discuss Interest Rates, Jobs and Inflation

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell reiterated today that the Fed is committed to bringing inflation down to its 2% target. Speaking at the “Perspectives on Monetary Policy” panel at the Thomas Laubach Research Conference, Powell said that the Fed will continue to raise interest rates until inflation is under control. The current Fed Chair shared the stage with former Fed Chair Ben Bernanke; the two more or less agreed, with Bernanke seeming a bit less optimistic.

The Panel Discussion

Powell acknowledged that the Fed’s actions to raise interest rates will likely slow economic growth. However, he said that the Fed is confident that it can bring inflation down without causing a recession.

“We understand that high inflation imposes significant hardship, especially on those least able to afford the higher costs of essentials like food, housing, and transportation,” Powell said and then emphasized, “we are strongly committed to returning inflation to our 2% objective.”

Powell reassured that the Fed is closely monitoring the labor market. The event is attended by experts in the field of monetary policy, including economists, central bankers, and other policymakers. It provides an opportunity for experts to share their views on the current state of the economy and the challenges facing central banks. Powell told the attendees that the Fed is committed to keeping the labor market strong but that it will not hesitate to take further action if needed to bring inflation down.

“The labor market is very strong, and we want to see that continue,” Powell said. “But we will take the necessary steps to bring inflation down,” he cautioned.

Ben Bernanke, the former Chair of the Federal Reserve, also spoke at the conference warning that the Fed is facing a difficult challenge in trying to bring inflation down without causing a recession. Bernanke said that the Fed will need to be very careful.

“The Fed is in a difficult spot,” Bernanke said. “It needs to bring inflation down, but it also doesn’t want to cause a recession. It will need to be very careful in its actions.”

Bernanke said that the Federal Reserve is facing a “new normal” in terms of inflation. He said that the Fed will need to be more aggressive in its use of monetary policy to bring down the pace of price increases. The former Fed chair said, “The Fed is going to have to be more aggressive in its use of monetary policy than it has been in the past,” He cautioned. “It’s going to need to raise interest rates more than once this year.”

Bernanke explained to listeners, “the Fed is not trying to cause a recession. But it is willing to risk a recession if it is necessary to bring inflation down.”

The comments from Powell and Bernanke took away any question whether the Fed is committed to bringing inflation down. Most listeners came away from this feeling the Fed is likely to continue to raise interest rates and to shrink its balance sheet in an effort to cool the economy and bring inflation down. However, attendees were also assured the Fed is keenly aware of the risks of a recession and is trying to avoid it.

What Does This Mean for the Economy?

The comments from Ben Bernanke and Jerome Powell suggest that the Fed is prepared to take aggressive action to bring inflation down. This could lead to higher interest rates and slower economic growth. However, the Fed is acting in a way it hopes leads to bringing down inflation without negative growth or a recession.

The bond markets had been pricing in an easing late in the year. US Treasury rates rose as the panel discussion got underway; this suggests that the tenor of some of the comments were unexpected. It is still too early to say what the impact of the Fed’s actions will be on the economy. However, it is clear that the Fed is taking inflation seriously and is willing to take steps to bring it down.

The next Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)  meeting will be held on June 13-14, 2023. The FOMC is the policymaking body of the Federal Reserve System. It meets every six weeks to discuss and set monetary policy, including the target for Fed Funds.  

The next FOMC meeting is expected to be a critical one, as the committee will be making its decisions in the midst of sticky inflation, a troubled banking sector, and a slowing economy.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.c-span.org/video/?528202-1/federal-reserve-chair-participates-monetary-policy-conference

Powell’s Testimony to Congress Revealed A Lot

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: C-Span (YouTube)

Is the Fed Doing Too Much, Not Enough, or Just Right?

The Fed Reserve Chair Jerome Powell has an ongoing credibility problem. The problem is that markets, economists, and now Congress find him extremely credible. So credible that they have already declared him a winner fighting inflation, or of more pertinence, the economy a loser because Powell and the Fed policymakers have been so resolute in their fight against the rising cost of goods and services that soon there will be an abundance of newly unemployed, businesses will falter, and the stock market will be left in tatters. This view that he has already done too much and that the economy has been overkilled, even while it shows remarkable strength, was echoed many times during his visit to Capital Hill for his twice a year testimony.

“As of the end of December, there were 1.9 job openings for each unemployed individual, close to the all-time peak recorded last March, while unemployment insurance claims have remained near historic lows.” – Federal Reserve Chair Jay Powell (March 8, 2023).

Powell’s Address

Perhaps the most influential individual on financial markets in the U.S. and around the world, Fed Chair Powell continued his hawkish (inflation fighter, interest rate hiker) tone at his Senate and House testimonies. The overall message was; inflation is bad, inflation has been persistent, we will continue on the path to bring it down, also employment is incredibly strong, the employment situation is such that we can do more, we will do more to protect the U.S. economy from the ravages of inflation.

Powell began, “My colleagues and I are acutely aware that high inflation is causing significant hardship, and we are strongly committed to returning inflation to our 2 percent goal.” Powell discussed the forceful actions taken to date and added, “we have more work to do. Our policy actions are guided by our dual mandate to promote maximum employment and stable prices. Without price stability, the economy does not work for anyone. In particular, without price stability, we will not achieve a sustained period of labor market conditions that benefit all.”

Powell discussed the slowed growth last year; there were two periods of negative GDP growth reported during the first two quarters. He mentioned how the once red-hot housing sector is weakening under higher interest rates and that “Higher interest rates and slower output growth also appear to be weighing on business fixed investment.” He then discussed the impact on labor markets, “Despite the slowdown in growth, the labor market remains extremely tight. The unemployment rate was 3.4 percent in January, its lowest level since 1969. Job gains remained very strong in January, while the supply of labor has continued to lag.1 As of the end of December, there were 1.9 job openings for each unemployed individual, close to the all-time peak recorded last March, while unemployment insurance claims have remained near historic lows.”

On the subject of monetary policy, the head of the Federal Reserve mentioned that the target of 2% inflation has not been met and that recent numbers have it moving in the wrong direction. Powell also discussed that the Fed had raised short-term interest rates by adding 4.50%. He suggested that recent economic numbers require that an increase to where the sufficient height of fed funds peaks is likely higher than previously thought. All the while, he added, “we are continuing the process of significantly reducing the size of our balance sheet.”

Powell acknowledged some headway, “We are seeing the effects of our policy actions on demand in the most interest-sensitive sectors of the economy. It will take time, however, for the full effects of monetary restraint to be realized, especially on inflation. In light of the cumulative tightening of monetary policy and the lags with which monetary policy affects economic activity and inflation, the Committee slowed the pace of interest rate increases over its past two meetings.” Powell added, “We will continue to make our decisions meeting by meeting, taking into account the totality of incoming data and their implications for the outlook for economic activity and inflation.”

Questions and Answers

Congressmen both in the Senate and the House use the Semiannual Monetary Policy Report to Congress (formerly known as Humphrey Hawkins Testimony) to ask questions of the person with the most economic insight in Washington. Often their questions have already been covered in the Chair’s opening address, but Congresspeople will ask anyway to show their constituents at home that they are looking after them.

Elizabeth Warren is on the Senate Banking Committee; her math concluded the result of even a 1% increase in unemployment is a two million-worker job loss. Warren asked Powell, “Do you call laying off two million people this year not a sharp increase in unemployment?” “Explain that to the two million families who are going to be out of work.” In his response, Powell went back to historical numbers and reminded the Senator that an increase in unemployment would still rank the current economy above what Americans have lived through in most of our lifetimes, “We’re not, again, we’re not targeting any of that. But I would say even 4.5 percent unemployment is well better than most of the time for the last, you know, 75 years,” Chair Powell answered.

U.S. House Financial Services Committee on Wednesday heard Congressman Frank Lucas concerned about the pressure for the Fed to include climate concerns as an additional Fed mandate. Lucas from Oklahoma asked,  “How careful are you in ensuring that the Fed does not place itself into the climate debate, and how can Congress ensure that the Fed’s regulatory tool kit is not warped into creating policy outcomes?” Powell answered that the Fed has a narrow but real role involving bank supervision. It’s important that individual banks understand and can manage over time their risks from any climate change and it’s impact on business and the economy. He wants to make sure the Fed never assumes a role where they are becoming a climate policymaker.

Other non-policy questions included Central Bank Digital Currencies. House Congressman Steven Lynch showed concerns that the Fed was experimenting with digital currencies. His question concerned receiving a public update on where they are with their partnership with MIT, their testing, and what they are trying to accomplish. Powell’s response seemed to satisfy the Congressman. “we engage with the public on an ongoing basis, we are also doing research on policy, and also technology,” said Powell. Follow-up questions on the architecture of a CBDC, were met with responses that indicated that the Fed, they are not at the stage of making decisions, instead, they are experimenting and learning. “How would this work, does it work, what is the best technology, what’s the most efficient.” Powell emphasized that the U.S. Federal Reserve is at an early stage, but making technological progress. They have not decided from a policy perspective if this is something that the country needs or desires.

Issues at Stake

As it relates to the stock and bond markets, the Fed has been holding overnight interest rates at a level that is more than one percentage point below the rate of inflation. The reality of this situation is that investors and savers that are earning near the Fed Funds rate on their deposits are losing buying power to the erosive effects of inflation. Those that are investing farther out on the yield curve are earning even less than overnight money. The impact here could be worse if inflation remains at current levels or higher, or better if the locked-in yields out longer on the curve are met with inflation coming down early on.

The Fed Chair indicated at the two testimony before both Houses of Congress that inflation has been surprisingly sticky. He also indicated that they might increase their expected stopping point on tightening credit. Interest rates out in the periods are actually lower than they had been in recent days and as much as 0.25% lower than they were last Fall. The lower market rates and inverted yield curve suggest the market thinks the Fed has already won and has likely gone too far. This thought process has made it difficult for the Fed Chair and others at the Fed that discuss a further need to throw cold water on an overheated economy. Fed Tightening has not led to an equal amount of upward movement out on the yield curve. This trust or expectation that the Fed has inflation under control would seem to be undermining the Fed’s efforts. With this, the Fed is likely to have to move even further to get the reaction it desires. The risk of an unwanted negative impact on the economy is heightened by the trust the bond market gives to Powell that he has this under control and may have already won.

Powell’s words are that the Fed has lost ground and has much more work to do.

Take Away

At his semiannual testimony to Congress, an important message was sent to the markets. The Fed has the right tools to do the job of bringing inflation down to the 2% range, but those tools operate on the demand side. In the U.S. we are fortunate to have two jobs open for every person seeking employment. While this is inflationary, it provides policy with more options.

As of the reporting of January economic numbers, a trend may be beginning indicating the Fed is losing its fight against inflation. It is likely that it will have to do more, but the Fed stands willing to do what it takes. Powell ended his prepared address by saying, “Everything we do is in service to our public mission. We at the Federal Reserve will do everything we can to achieve our maximum-employment and price-stability goals.”

Paul Hoffman

Managing Director, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/testimony.htm

Cooling Inflation May Not Translate to a More Accommodating Fed

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Brookings Institute (Flickr)

Unbalanced Hype in the Markets Surrounding the “Unknowable” Could be Costly

“It’s not knowable” if there will be a recession in 2023, said Fed Chair Jerome Powell recently. A month earlier, after the last change in monetary policy, he said it is easier to go too far and bring the economy back than to do too little and then have to then tame stronger inflationary pressures. The most recent CPI number shows a trend that policymakers want to see, but it likely is not a number the Fed will pivot off of. After all, for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to rise by 6.5% YoY means that cost increases experienced by consumers are running more than three times higher than the Fed’s stated target. Of course, the rate increases have not had time to work their way into the system; they haven’t even fully worked their way into the interest rate markets.

An Alternative Way to Look at Tightening

Relatively speaking, a hypothetical decline in your investment account by 2% last month may be an improvement in performance if it had been down 3% the month before. But if your need to meet your goals is a positive 8%, then you still have a lot of work to do in order to consider yourself successful. The same for the Fed policymakers. US dollar buying power is losing ground, just not as quickly as it was. And since the inflation rate is also subject to what savers and investors call ‘the miracle of compounding’ and the jobs market is strong, the Fed has motivation and room to keep pulling money from the system and raising interest rates – the sooner, the better based on Powell’s statements.

And it may be that they are willingly driving the economy into reverse to stop service costs from rising as quickly, and bring inflationary wage increases lower. Workers, after all, have not reacted to the possibility of a recession. They still feel at ease leaving their employers at a very high pace, and the layoff rate is still near a record low. To demonstrate, the economy added 223,000 in payroll employment in December (well above the 200,000 forecast — and the unemployment rate came down to 3.5%, below the 3.7% forecast. This may not seem high compared to the gains just after the pandemic opening, but it is quite steamy.

Take Away

The financial news has been full of ‘pivot’ headlines for months. When it comes to the “unknowable,” it is important to remind oneself, as an investor, that very few things are a done deal until they happen. The big picture is the bond market has not priced itself in a way that fully reflects the Fed tightening of short-term rates. This represents difficulty for the Fed, and the Fed is looking for slower economic growth.

Throughout 2022, the big question while consumers faced increasing prices was whether the Federal Reserve would push the economy into decline. Their intent, after years of excessive stimulus, is to slow economic growth to bring inflation down. The Fed hiked interest rates seven times during 2022, its aggressive tactics caused some to worry about job losses and a recession. With an inflation rate that Powell thinks is more than three times too high, investors must consider that the Fed has different goals than investors but the same as consumers. We are all consumers, we’re not all investors.

As a final note, what the year brings is unknowable. There are always stocks going up, going down, and tracking sideways. A 2% inflation rate is easier to beat in terms of performance as an equity market investor than a 4% or 6% level. What the Fed will do, they likely don’t know for sure themselves; our job, that of investors, is to not get caught up in hype. And the markets and the media are breeding grounds for hype.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Powell Just Insisted, “We are not, and will not be, a climate policymaker”

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Source: Riksbank Sweden (Bloomberg)

Fed Chair Jerome Powell made three strong points during the panel on “Central Bank Independence and the Mandate—Evolving Views,” which just took place in Stockholm. These points include the role of elected representatives and unelected agency officials, the transparency of a central bank’s intents and actions while remaining independent of political agendas, and not becoming sidetracked from the established mandates.

Continued Independence and Transparency

Powell reminded the international audience, which included central bankers, that the purpose of monetary policy independence is the benefits allowed the policymakers. This independence can insulate policy decisions from short-term political considerations. “Price stability is the bedrock of a healthy economy and provides the public with immeasurable benefits over time. But restoring price stability when inflation is high can require measures that are not popular in the short term as we raise interest rates to slow the economy,” said Powell. The head of the US central bank then explained the absence of politics over central bank decisions provides for less conflicted decision-making in light of short-lived political considerations.

While speaking from a US point of view, Powell said that in a “well-functioning democracy, important public policy decisions should be made, in almost all cases, by the elected branches of government.”  He explained that agencies trusted to act independently, such as the Federal Reserve, should have a narrow and explicitly defined mission that protects the agency from fleeting political considerations.

Within this kind of independence in a representative democracy, including transparency that allows for oversight, the Fed and other agencies find legitimacy. Powell said about of the current makeup of the Fed, “We are tightly focused on achieving our statutory mandate and on providing useful and appropriate transparency.”

Focus on Mandates

Climate change is not part of the US central bank’s statutory goals and authority. On the subject of climate, Powell added, “we resist the temptation to broaden our scope to address other important social issues of the day. Taking on new goals, however worthy, without a clear statutory mandate would undermine the case for our independence.”

In the area of bank regulation, Powell told the audience that independence helps ensure that the public can be confident that the overseer’s supervisory decisions are not influenced by political considerations. In response to his own hypothetical question about whether it is wise to incorporate into bank supervision the perceived risks associated with climate change, consistent with existing mandates, Powell sounded strongly opposed. “Addressing climate change seems likely to require policies that would have significant distributional and other effects on companies, industries, regions, and nations. Decisions about policies to directly address climate change should be made by the elected branches of government and thus reflect the public’s will as expressed through elections.”

He did, however, share his view that any climate-related financial risks that pose material risks to the banking system are the Fed’s responsibility and under their supervision. “But without explicit congressional legislation, it would be inappropriate for us to use our monetary policy or supervisory tools to promote a greener economy or to achieve other climate-based goals. We are not, and will not be, a “climate policymaker.”

Take Away

On January 10th, the head of the US central bank participated in an international symposium to mark the end of Stefan Ingves’ time as governor of Sweden’s central bank. Senior central bank officials and prominent academics participate in four panels that address central bank independence from various angles – climate, payments, mandates, and global policy coordination. Fed Chair Powell stood determined and resolute that the Fed’s mandate is narrow, well-defined, and should not be clouded with short-term political goals.

There has been pressure on the Fed to adopt additional mandates that include social reforms and climate concerns. His talk before a world audience may be the first time Jerome Powell has publicly addressed this pressure. The US House of Representatives has just shifted its balance to a more conservative power base; this may have had an empowering impact on Powell’s open remarks.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20230110a.htm

https://www.riksbank.se/globalassets/media/konferenser/2022/riksbank-organises-international-symposium-on-central-bank-independence.pdf

https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/powell-fed-needs-independence-fight-inflation-should-avoid-climate-policy-2023-01-10/

Jerome Powell Gives “Progress Report”

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Federal Reserve (Flickr)

“By Any Standard Inflation Remains Much Too High,” Says Powell

The Federal Reserve has a blackout period for its governors. It begins the second Saturday preceding an FOMC meeting. During this period the members cannot give any sort of public address on topics that will be under consideration at the Committee meeting. Today, Fed Chair Powell gave an address titled, Inflation and the Labor Market. These are the two missions of the Fed. This address may be the last the markets hear from Powell until after the December 14th FOMC session.

The stock and bond markets were hoping to hear that the Fed will be backing off significantly. Instead, what was delivered by Powell was more consistent with his previous talks which don’t back away from full commitment to bringing down prices. Although he did suggest that they have covered the bulk of the ground, they will need to.

Current Status

Powell referred to the address given on the last day of November 2022 as a “progress report on the Federal Open Market Committee’s (FOMC) efforts to restore price stability to the U.S. economy for the benefit of the American people.” The report made mention several times that a healthy economy with ample job growth consistent with inflation targets is consistent with low price inflation. In fact Powell lead with the words, “the report must begin by acknowledging the reality that inflation remains far too high.”

Powell said that he and other Fed governors are “acutely aware that high inflation is imposing significant hardship, straining budgets and shrinking what paychecks will buy.” He continued, “price stability is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve and serves as the bedrock of our economy. Without price stability, the economy does not work for anyone. In particular, without price stability, we will not achieve a sustained period of strong labor market conditions that benefit all.”

Inflation

Powell said that 12-month personal consumption expenditures (PCE) inflation through October ran at 6.0 percent (figure 1). While October inflation data received so far showed a welcome surprise to the downside. He cautioned that “these are a single month’s data, which followed upside surprises over the previous two months. As figure 1 makes clear, down months in the data have often been followed by renewed increases.” Powell said. He reminded that, “it will take substantially more evidence to give comfort that inflation is actually declining. By any standard, inflation remains much too high.”

In order to reach the Fed’s goal, Powell says they need to raise interest rates to a sufficiently restrictive level to return inflation to 2 percent. He relents that there is considerable uncertainty about what rate will be sufficient.  Although he says they are much closer now than at the beginning of the year.

Powell said of himself and his associates, “we are tightening the stance of policy in order to slow growth in aggregate demand. Slowing demand growth should allow supply to catch up with demand and restore the balance that will yield stable prices over time. Restoring that balance is likely to require a sustained period of below-trend growth.”

Housing Prices

The rise in the price of all rents and the rise in the rental-equivalent cost of owner-occupied housing is called housing services inflation. Unlike goods inflation, housing services inflation has continued to rise and now stands at 7.1 percent over the past 12 months, according to Powell. Housing inflation tends to lag other prices around inflation turning points, but because of the slow rate at which the stock of rental leases turns over. The market rate on new leases is a timelier indicator of where overall housing inflation will go over the next year or so. Measures of 12-month inflation in new leases rose to nearly 20 percent during the pandemic but have been falling sharply since about midyear (figure 3).

As the above chart shows, overall housing services inflation has continued to rise as existing leases turn over and jump in price to catch up with the higher level of rents for new leases. Powell thinks this is likely to continue well into next year. But as long as new lease inflation keeps falling, we would expect housing services inflation to begin falling sometime next year. Importantly, a decline in this inflation underlies most forecasts of declining inflation.

Labor costs is the largest of the three inflation categories covered in Powell’s address. It represents more than half of the core PCE index. Powell used it to explain the future evolution of core inflation.  

Chair Powell said, “ [the] demand for workers far exceeds the supply of available workers, and nominal wages have been growing at a pace well above what would be consistent with 2 percent inflation over time. Thus, another condition we are looking for is the restoration of balance between supply and demand in the labor market.”

The Fed Chair said some of the labor force participation gap can be explained as workers who are still out of the labor force because of Covid related issues. But recent research by Fed economists finds that the participation gap is now mostly due to excess retirements—that is, retirements in excess of what would have been expected from population aging alone.

Economic Conditions Summed Up

In order to bring inflation down to 2%, the Fed Chair said he was happy that growth in economic activity has slowed. Also that bottlenecks in goods production are easing and goods price inflation appears to be easing as well. Housing services inflation will probably keep rising well into next year, but if inflation on new leases continues to fall, we will likely see housing services inflation begin to fall later next year. Finally, the labor market, which is especially important for inflation in core services ex housing, shows only tentative signs of rebalancing, and wage growth remains well above levels that would be consistent with 2 percent inflation over time. Despite some promising developments, we have a long way to go in restoring price stability.

Monetary Policy

Powell said in his address, “returning to monetary policy, my FOMC colleagues and I are strongly committed to restoring price stability. After our November meeting, we noted that we anticipated that ongoing rate increases will be appropriate in order to attain a policy stance that is sufficiently restrictive to move inflation down to 2 percent over time.”

He admitted that monetary policy affects the economy and inflation with uncertain lags, and the full effects of rapid tightening are yet to be felt. With this, he says it makes sense to moderate the pace of the rate increases.

Powell said, “The time for moderating the pace of rate increases may come as soon as the December meeting. Given our progress in tightening policy, the timing of that moderation is far less significant than the questions of how much further we will need to raise rates to control inflation and the length of time it will be necessary to hold policy at a restrictive level. It is likely that restoring price stability will require holding policy at a restrictive level for some time. History cautions strongly against prematurely loosening policy. We will stay the course until the job is done.”

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20221130a.htm

What Powell is Doing About this Vexing Inflation Contributor

Posted on by cpatches
Image Credit: IMF (Flickr)

Fed Chairman Powell Shows His Steady Hand and Firm Conviction at Monetary Conference

In what is his last scheduled public appearance before the post-FOMC statement expected on Sept. 21, Fed Chairman Powell did not say anything that would change expectations of another 75bp Fed Funds rate hike. He instead emphasized the Fed’s commitment to reduce inflation and believes it can be done and at the same time avoid “very high social costs.” 

“It is very much our view, and my view, that we need to act now forthrightly, strongly, as we have been doing, and we need to keep at it until the job is done,”  Powell said Thursday (Sept. 8) at the 40th annual Monetary Conference held virtually by the Cato Institute.

The discussion was held after it was known that the Eurozone Central Bank had just raised rates by 75bp. Powell’s talk and the interest rate hike overseas didn’t upset U.S. markets as U.S. Jobless claims had been reported earlier and showed a very strong labor market which helped demonstrate that the Fed’s actions to return inflation to a more acceptable level are not severely hurting business.

The Federal Reserve Chairman continued to reiterate what he has been saying, that the U.S. central bank is focused on bringing down high inflation to prevent it from becoming entrenched as it did in the 1970s. The core theme, most recently heard at the Jackson Hole Economic Symposium, is that he is resolved to return inflation to the Fed’s 2% target.

Mr. Powell said it is critical to prevent households and businesses from ongoing expectations that inflation will rise. He said this is a key lesson taken from the persistent inflation of the 1970s. “The public had really come to think of higher inflation as the norm and to expect it to continue, and that’s what made it so hard to get inflation down in that case,” Powell said. The takeaway for policymakers, he added, is that “the longer inflation remains well above target, the greater the risk the public does begin to see higher inflation as the norm, and that has the capacity to really raise the costs of getting inflation down.”

Speaking the day before at the Economic Outlook and Monetary Policy at The Clearing House and Bank Policy Institute Annual Conference, Fed Vice Chairwoman Lael Brainard, didn’t express a preference on the size of the next increase but underscored the need for rates to rise and stay at levels that would slow economic activity. “We are in this for as long as it takes to get inflation down,” she said.

Fed officials have raised rates this year at the most rapid pace since the early 1980s. The federal funds rate, the percentage banks charge each other for overnight borrowing, rose from near zero in March to a range between 2.25% and 2.5% in July, which is where it sits today.

Take Away

The Fed’s two mandates are to keep inflation at bay and to make sure there are adequate jobs in the U.S. The lessons of the past indicate that expectations of inflation are inflationary themselves. The Fed Chairman and Fed Vice Chairwoman would undermine their goals if they did not talk tough on inflation. With the economy not having sunk into a deep recession, and joblessness at acceptable levels, their actions are likely to match their tough talk.

The stock market typically behaves well when confident that the Fed is fighting inflation and has a steady grasp of what too far is. Overly tight money would dampen business growth.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/calendar.htm

https://www.cato.org/events/40th-annual-monetary-conference

https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/09/08/business/ecb-meeting-inflation-interest-rates

https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/us-weekly-jobless-claims-fall-three-month-low-2022-09-08/