Category: Economy

December’s FOMC Meeting – Will January 2023 be Different?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Federal Reserve (Flickr)

The FOMC Votes at Eighth 2022 Meeting to Raise Rates for Seventh Time

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) voted to raise overnight interest rates from a target of 3.75%-4.00% to the new target of 4.25% – 4.50%. This was announced at the conclusion of the Committee’s final scheduled meeting of 2022. The monetary policy shift in bank lending rates was as expected by economists and the markets as Fed Chair Powell had recently spoke about less aggressive increases while maintaining a vigilance that would prefer to err on the side of being too hawkish.

The recent market focus has been on how inflation has been reported with lower price increases than before. While lower increases may suggest that inflation is successfully being wrung out of the system, Powell and other FOMC members have wondered aloud whether demand-driven inflation will take many more months to dampen.

There were few clues given in the statement about the size of any next move. While this can’t be known at this point, Powell generally shares during a press conference beginning at 2:30 his general perceptions and expectations. However, the median projection by members of where Fed Funds will stand this time next year is 5.10%, with seven out of the nineteen members expecting it to be higher. It is clear from the statement that the Fed expects ongoing increases.

Below are notable excerpts from the announcement of today’s change in monetary policy:

Fed Release December 14, 2022

Recent indicators point to modest growth in spending and production. Job gains have been robust in recent months, and the unemployment rate has remained low. Inflation remains elevated, reflecting supply and demand imbalances related to the pandemic, higher food and energy prices, and broader price pressures.

Russia’s war against Ukraine is causing tremendous human and economic hardship. The war and related events are contributing to upward pressure on inflation and are weighing on global economic activity. The Committee is highly attentive to inflation risks.

The Committee seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2 percent over the longer run. In support of these goals, the Committee decided to raise the target range for the federal funds rate to 4-1/4 to 4-1/2 percent. The Committee anticipates that ongoing increases in the target range will be appropriate in order to attain a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to return inflation to 2 percent over time. In determining the pace of future increases in the target range, the Committee will take into account the cumulative tightening of monetary policy, the lags with which monetary policy affects economic activity and inflation, and economic and financial developments. In addition, the Committee will continue reducing its holdings of Treasury securities and agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities, as described in the Plans for Reducing the Size of the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet that was issued in May. The Committee is strongly committed to returning inflation to its 2 percent objective.

In assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy, the Committee will continue to monitor the implications of incoming information for the economic outlook. The Committee would be prepared to adjust the stance of monetary policy as appropriate if risks emerge that could impede the attainment of the Committee’s goals. The Committee’s assessments will take into account a wide range of information, including readings on public health, labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and financial and international developments.

Take-Away

Higher interest rates can weigh on stocks as companies that rely on borrowing may find their cost of capital has increased. The risk of inflation also weighs on the markets. Additionally, investors find that alternative investments that pay a known yield may, at some point, be preferred to equities. For these reasons, higher interest rates are of concern to the stock market investor. However, an unhealthy, highly inflationary economy also comes at a cost to the economy, businesses, and households.

The market has been bringing rates down across the curve as the Fed has been working to increase them. The ten-year treasury note had traded near 4.25% in late October; it now hovers around 3.50%, or 50 bp below the bottom of the Fed’s overnight range. Is this sustainable? It certainly isn’t desirable for what the Fed is trying to accomplish. In these cases, the Fed tends to eventually win.

Fed Pivot, Money Supply, and Investment Returns

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Karolina Grabowska (Pexels)

Why Investors Are Obsessed with the Fed “Pivot”

“Investors should not care whether the Fed pivots or not if they analyze investment opportunities based on fundamentals and not on monetary laughing gas,” writes economist Daniel Lacalle, PhD. In his latest article, published below. LaCalle takes on the journalists and economists that see market risk differently than himself. This is a thought-provoking read for anyone who has been living on a diet of mostly CNBC, and Yahoo Finance, as exposure to diverse market viewpoints is considered healthy. – Paul Hoffman, Channelchek

Obsessed Investors

In a recent Bloomberg article, a group of economists voiced their fears that the Federal Reserve’s inflation fight may create an unnecessarily deep downturn. However, the Federal Reserve does not create a downturn due to rate hikes; it creates the foundations of a crisis by unnecessarily lowering rates to negative territory and aggressively increasing its balance sheet. It is the malinvestment and excessive risk-taking fuelled by cheap money that lead to a recession.

Those same economists probably saw no risk in negative rates and massive money printing. It is profoundly concerning to see that experts who remained quiet as the world accumulated $17 trillion in negative yielding bonds and central banks’ balance sheets soared to more than $20 trillion now complain that rate hikes may create a debt crisis. The debt crisis, like all market imbalances, was created when central banks led investors to believe that a negative yielding bond was a worthwhile investment because the price would rise and compensate for the loss of yield. A good old bubble.

Multiple expansion has been an easy investment thesis. Earnings downgrades? No problem. Macro weakness? Who cares. Valuations soared simply because the quantity of money was rising faster than nominal GDP (gross domestic product). Printing money made investing in the most aggressive stocks and the riskiest bonds the most lucrative alternative. And that, my friends, is massive asset inflation. The Keynesian crowd repeated that this time would be different and consistently larger quantitative easing programs would not create inflation because it did not happen in the past. And it happened.

Inflation was already evident in assets all over the investment spectrum, but no one seemed to care. It was also evident in non-replicable goods and services. The FAO food price index already reached all-time highs in 2019 without any “supply chain disruption” excuse or blaming it on the Ukraine war. House prices, insurance, healthcare, education… The bubble of cheap money was clear everywhere.

Now many market participants want the Fed to pivot and stop hiking rates. Why? Because many want the easy multiple expansion carry trade back. The fact that investors see a Fed pivot as the main reason to buy tells you what an immensely perverse incentive monetary policy is and how poor the macro and earnings’ outlook are.

Earnings estimates have been falling for 2022 and 2023 all year. The latest S&P 500 earnings’ growth estimates published by Morgan Stanley show a modest 8 and 7 percent rise for this and next year respectively. Not bad? The pace of downgrades has not stopped, and the market is not even adjusting earnings to the downgrade in macroeconomic estimates. When I look at the details of these expectations, I am amazed to see widespread margin growth in 2023 and a backdrop of rising sales and low inflation. Excessively optimistic? I think so.

Few of us seem to realize a Fed pivot is a bad idea, and, in any case, it will not be enough to drive markets to a bull run again because inflationary pressures are stickier than what consensus would want. I find it an exercise in wishful thinking to read so many predictions of a rapid return to 2% inflation, even less, when history shows that once inflation rises above 5% in developed economies, it takes at least a decade to bring it down to 2%, according to Deutsche Bank. Even the OECD expects persistent inflation in 2023 against a backdrop of weakening growth.

Stagflation. That is the risk ahead, and a Fed pivot would do nothing to bring markets higher in that scenario. Stagflation periods have proven to be extremely poor for stocks and bonds, even worse when governments are unwilling to cut deficit spending, because the crowding out of the private sector works against a rapid recovery.

Current inflation expectations suggest the Fed will pivot in the first quarter of 2023. That is an awfully long time in the investment world if you want to bet on a V-shaped market recovery. Even worse, that pivot expectation is based on a surprisingly accelerated reduction in inflation. How can it happen when central banks’ balance sheets have barely moved in local currency, reverse repo liquidity injections reach trillion-dollar levels every month and money supply has barely corrected from the all-time highs of 2022? Many are betting on statistical bodies tweaking the calculation of CPI (consumer price index), and believe me, it will happen, but it will not disguise earnings and margin erosion.

To cut inflation drastically three things need to happen, and only one is not enough. 1) Hike rates. 2) Reduce the balance sheet of central banks meaningfully. 3) Stop deficit spending. This is unlikely to happen anytime soon.

Investors that see the Fed as too hawkish look at money supply growth and how it is falling, but they do not look at broad money accumulation and the insanity of the size of central banks’ balance sheets that have barely moved in local currency. By looking at money supply growth as a variable of tightness in monetary policy they may make the mistake of believing that the tightening cycle is over too soon.

Investors should not care whether the Fed pivots or not if they analyze investment opportunities based on fundamentals and not on monetary laughing gas. Betting on a Fed pivot by adding risk to cyclical and extremely risky assets may be an extremely dangerous position even if the Fed does revert its pace, because it would be ignoring the economic cycle and the earnings reality. 

Central banks do not print growth. Governments do not boost productivity. However, both perpetuate inflation and have an incentive to increase debt. Adding these facts to our investment analysis may not guarantee high returns, but it will prevent enormous losses.

About the Author

Daniel Lacalle

Daniel Lacalle, PhD, economist and fund manager, is the author of the bestselling books Freedom or Equality (2020), Escape from the Central Bank Trap (2017), The Energy World Is Flat (2015), and Life in the Financial Markets (2014).

Information

Why Rate Increases May be Nearing an End

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Jernej Furman (Flickr)

Arguments Can be Made for Rates Being Too Low and for Rates Being Too High

The Federal Reserve has raised the Fed Funds rate from an average of 0.08% in January 2022 to its current 4.05%, and a likely adjustment to 4.25% to 4.50% tomorrow. Inflation, as measured by CPI and even the Fed’s favorite, the PCE deflator, has been showing a decreasing rise in prices. So investors within all affected markets are asking, how much more will the Fed raise rates?  Ignoring any suggestion that “this time it’s different,” I looked at US interest rates and inflation going back to 1962 and may have found enough consistency and historical norms to help determine what to expect now and why.

Are Increases Nearing an End?

I’ll start with the conclusion. The data suggests that the movement of market rates depends on whether higher current inflation is being caused by temporary or long-lived factors. The 10-year Treasury Note market believes current inflation is mostly temporary. This is shown by its yield, having touched 4.25% in late October, and then falling. The ten-year is now near 3.50%, despite the 0.75% increase in overnight rates implemented on November 2. If the combined wisdom of the Treasury market is reliable, this suggests FOMC rate increases are nearing an end. Perhaps one more smaller hike and then a wait-and-see period. The Fed would then monitor prices while past increases work their way through the economy.

 

Powell’s Concerns

At his last address on November 30th,  Fed Chair Jay Powell indicated he’d rather go too far (with tightening) and then reignite the economy rather than err on the side of not doing enough and having a bigger problem. The markets and the media largely ignored this, but it’s important to know what the Fed Chair believes is prescient and is sharing publicly.  Powell also said, “Given our progress in tightening policy, the timing of that moderation is far less significant than the questions of how much further we will need to raise rates to control inflation, and the length of time it will be necessary to hold policy at a restrictive level.” And then he said something very telling, Powell added, “It is likely that restoring price stability will require holding policy at a restrictive level for some time. History cautions strongly against prematurely loosening policy. We will stay the course until the job is done.”

Market Thinks Inflation is Temporary

But, the markets are overjoyed by the last two months of inflation data. Despite what the nations top central banker is saying. Markets may be right, but if they are wrong (bond and stock markets) spotting it early can help stave off losses. If inflation, which is lower than it had been, but not historically low,  proves more permanent, for example, if employers continue to have to bid up the price of workers, and demand for goods causes commodity prices to rise, then the Fed will have paused too early. This will lead to a more difficult challenge for the Fed as compared to tightening too much.  The data used in this article are from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) maintained by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

Actual and Expected Inflation

The St. Louis Federal Reserve publishes a market estimate of expected average inflation over the next ten years.  It is derived from the 10-year Treasury constant maturity bond and 10-year Treasury inflation-indexed constant maturity bond.  It was first published in 2003.  Over 2003-2021, 10-year inflation expectation averaged 2.0%, the same as GDP deflator inflation.  During the second quarter of 2022, the expected 10-year inflation was 2.7%, or less than 1.0 percentage point above its 2003-2021 average.  In contrast, GDP deflator inflation was 7.6%.  A significant wedge exists between current and expected inflation.

Source: St. Louis Fed

The breakeven inflation rate represents a measure of expected inflation derived from 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Securities (BC_10YEAR) and 10-Year Treasury Inflation-Indexed Constant Maturity Securities (TC_10YEAR). The latest value implies what market participants expect inflation to be in the next 10 years, on average.

Beginning with the end of the last recession on April 1, 2020, the Treasury bond data used in calculating interest rate spreads is obtained directly from the U.S. Treasury Department.

Take Away

The Market’s expectation of 10-year average inflation is dramatically different from current inflation, even at inflation’s new lower pace. This implies the market believes it to be temporary.

If the market’s expectation of inflation is accurate, there is an average difference between Fed Funds and the PCE deflator of 1.6% (since 1962). The last read on PCE was October 2022 at 6%. Reducing this by 1.6 would provide a Fed Funds level of 4.4%. This level is in line with historic averages and likely where we will be after the FOMC meeting wraps up on December 14. This comparatively high rate relative to where we began the year may be considered neutral.

Will the Fed stop at neutral? Are the markets right? Powell said he’d rather err on the side of going beyond what is needed, which suggests the Fed will continue some. As for the markets, being on the side of the markets is how you make money, but getting out before trouble arises is how you keep the money. Markets are not always accurate forecasters and since economic behavior and debt levels tend to adjust slowly, prudent portfolio management suggests it is wise to keep an eye out for today’s interest rates still being too low.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Source

https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20221130a.htm

https://beta.bls.gov/dataQuery/search

Why the Fed Adjusts to Steer Inflation to 2%

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Shvets Production (Pexels)

Fed Wants Inflation to Get Down to 2% – But Why Not Target 3%? Or 0%?

What’s so special about the number 2? Quite a lot, if you’re a central banker – and that number is followed by a percent sign.

That’s been the de facto or official target inflation rate for the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank and many other similar institutions since at least the 1990s.

But in recent months, inflation in the U.S. and elsewhere has soared, forcing the Fed and its counterparts to jack up interest rates to bring it down to near their target level.

This article was republished with permission from The Conversation, a news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts. It represents the research-based findings and thoughts of, Veronika Dolar, Assistant Professor of Economics, SUNY Old Westbury.

As an economist who has studied the movements of key economic indicators like inflation, I know that low and stable inflation is essential for a well-functioning economy. But why does the target have to be 2%? Why not 3%? Or even zero?

Soaring Inflation

The U.S. inflation rate hit its 2022 peak in July at an annual rate of 9.1%. The last time consumer prices were rising this fast was back in 1981 – over 40 years ago.

Since March 2022, the Fed has been actively trying to decrease inflation. In order to do this, the Fed has been hiking its benchmark borrowing rate – from effectively 0% back in March 2022 to the current range of 3.75% to 4%. And it’s expected to lift interest rates another 0.5 percentage point on Dec. 14 and even more in 2023.

Most economists agree that an inflation rate approaching 8% is too high, but what should it be? If rising prices are so terrible, why not shoot for zero inflation?

Maintaining Stable Prices

One of the Fed’s core mandates, alongside low unemployment, is maintaining stable prices.

Since 1996, Fed policymakers have generally adopted the stance that their target for doing so was an inflation rate of around 2%. In January 2012, then-Chairman Ben Bernanke made this target official, and both of his successors, including current Chair Jerome Powell, have made clear that the Fed sees 2% as the appropriate desired rate of inflation.

Until very recently, though, the problem wasn’t that inflation was too high – it was that it was too low. That prompted Powell in 2020, when inflation was barely more than 1%, to call this a cause for concern and say the Fed would let it rise above 2%.

Many of you may find it counterintuitive that the Fed would want to push up inflation. But inflation that is persistently too low can pose serious risks to the economy.

These risks – namely sparking a deflationary spiral – are why central banks like the Fed would never want to adopt a 0% inflation target.

Perils of Deflation

When the economy shrinks during a recession with a fall in gross domestic product, aggregate demand for all the things it produces falls as well. As a result, prices no longer rise and may even start to fall – a condition called deflation.

Deflation is the exact opposite of inflation – instead of prices rising over time, they are falling. At first, it would seem that falling and lower prices are a good thing – who wouldn’t want to buy the same thing at a lower price and see their purchasing power go up?

But deflation can actually be pretty devastating for the economy. When people feel prices are headed down – not just temporarily, like big sales over the holidays, but for weeks, months or even years – they actually delay purchases in the hopes that they can buy things for less at a later date.

For example, if you are thinking of buying a new car that currently costs US$60,000, during periods of deflation you realize that if you wait another month, you can buy this car for $55,000. As a result, you don’t buy the car today. But after a month, when the car is now for sale for $55,000, the same logic applies. Why buy a car today, when you can wait another month and buy a car for $50,000 next month.

This lower spending leads to less income for producers, which can lead to unemployment. In addition, businesses, too, delay spending since they expect prices to fall further. This negative feedback loop – the deflationary spiral – generates higher unemployment, even lower prices and even less spending.

In short, deflation leads to more deflation. Throughout most of U.S. history, periods of deflation usually go hand in hand with economic downturns.

Everything in Moderation

So it’s pretty clear some inflation is probably necessary to avoid a deflation trap, but how much? Could it be 1%, 3% or even 4%?

Maybe. There isn’t any strong theoretical or empirical evidence for an inflation target of exactly 2%. The figure’s origin is a bit murky, but some reports suggest it simply came from a casual remark made by the New Zealand finance minister back in the late 1980s during a TV interview.

Moreover, there’s concern that creating economic targets for economic indicators like inflation corrupts the usefulness of the metric. Charles Goodhart, an economist who worked for the Bank of England, created an eponymous law that states: “When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.”

Since a core mission of the Fed is price stability, the target is beside the point. The main thing is that the Fed guide the economy toward an inflation rate high enough to allow it room to lower interest rates if it needs to stimulate the economy but low enough that it doesn’t seriously erode consumer purchasing power.

Like with so many things, moderation is key.

The Week Ahead – CPI and Last FOMC Decision in 2022

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

FOMC Meeting and “Wall Street Wish List” May Impact Your Portfolio Most

Is the Fed really tightening lending rates to cool the economy? Because consumer rates have been headed lower since October. This last FOMC meeting of 2022 may help the markets to understand that something has to give. A 7.7% y-o-y CPI, a 3.75-4.00% Fed Funds target, and a 3.45% 20-year constant maturity treasury can not co-exist for long. Treasury investors either need to earn more to keep up with expected inflation realities, inflation needs to show a more certain downtrend or the Fed needs to go back to lowering Fed Funds levels. Having lived through the last three years of markets, which I can attest from experience, are very different from the previous 30 years, I’m still putting my money on what the Fed Chairman tells us he’s doing. However, markets being what they are will move with the moves of the masses, and that is what’s “right” because that is what makes money.  

The December FOMC meeting is front and center this week. We also get a new CPI report pre-meeting. Expect volatility, especially with longer-term treasuries already priced for a great CPI number.

Data Source: U.S. Treasury Dept.

Monday 12/12

  • 2:00 PM ET, Treasury Statement, forecasters see a $200.0 billion deficit in November that would compare with a $191.3 billion deficit in November a year ago and a deficit in October this year of $87.8 billion. The government’s fiscal year began in October. The size of the budget deficit is important because it impacts the amount of treasury issuance, and then supply and demand take over in terms of interest rates demanded to fill the supply.

Tuesday 12/13

  • 6:00 AM ET, Optimism is expected to remain low. The small business optimism index has been below the historical average of 98 for ten months in a row and deeply so in October at 91.3. November’s consensus is 90.8.
  • 8:30 AM ET, CPI for November is the first information with potential market-altering data to be released this week. It will be the last look at CPI for a month during 2022. CPI is expected to be 0,% for the month or 7.3% y-o-y. Do you remember how the market rallied on the better than the consensus 7.7% last month? Any deviation from the consensus could cause an impact.

Wednesday 12/14

  • 8:30 AM ET, Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations for December. While we have no consensus data, The Atlanta Fed’s Business Inflation Expectations survey came in last month at 3.3% expected. The survey number provides a monthly measure of year-ahead inflation expectations and inflation uncertainty from the perspective of firms. The survey also provides a monthly gauge of firms’ current sales, profit margins, and unit cost changes.
  • 2:00 PM ET, FOMC Announcement, let the trading week unofficially begin as markets shuffle with new information from the 2:00 PM announcement and press conference that follows. After a series of 75 bp moves, the Fed is expected to be less aggressive with a 50 bp increase.

Thursday 12/15

  • 8:30 AM ET, Jobless Claims for the December 10 week are expected to come in at 230,000, or unchanged from the prior week. A large deviation from this number could move markets as employment is a Fed mandate.
  • 9:00 AM ET, Wall Street Wish List. Seasoned Analysts from Noble Capital Market’s veteran team discuss the sectors and companies they cover and perhaps provide actionable ideas as to where they may lean in the year ahead. Information for free online event is here.

Friday 12/16

  • 9:45 AM ET, PMI Composite Flash. At 46.2 in November, the services PMI has been sinking deeper into contraction though expectations for December’s flash is a little slower pace of contraction at 46.5. Manufacturing, at 47.7 in November, is expected little changed at 47.8.

What Else

The weekly focus is on the FOMC decision and press conference. Register for Channelchek emails and receive our synopsis of the FOMC outcome immediately post announcement.

It may turn out that the Wall Street Wish List is the most profitable sharing of ideas that you receive headed into the new year. Don’t miss this by clicking on the banner below to allow you free access.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Information

Sources

https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_long_term_rate&field_tdr_date_value=2022

https://econoday.com

The Week Ahead – Volatile Oil Prices, A Less Hawkish Fed, and U.S. Productivity

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

Will Russia Make the EU an Acceptable Counter Offer?

On Sunday, OPEC+ voted to maintain the previous level of output. This is known in OPEC vernacular as a “rollover,” it will allow the group time to experience and assess the market impact of the price cap of $60 a barrel on Russian oil. The $60 EU price cap is scheduled to begin Monday, December 5th.

Otherwise, it will be a quiet week in terms of data and Fed governor speeches. After a flurry of talks out of Fed executives last week, mostly pointing to a tapering of increases, the Fed is now in a blackout period until after the December 13-14 meeting and announcement.

Monday 12/5

  • 9:45 AM ET, PMI Composite Final Consensus Outlook A little less contraction is the call for the PMI Service’s November final, at a consensus of 46.3 versus 46.1 at mid-month.
  • 10:00 AM ET, Factory Orders are seen rising to a 0.7 percent gain in October. This would follow a 0.4 percent gain in September. The upward adjustment is in part due to Durable Goods orders for October, which have already been released and are one of two major components of this report. Durable Goods rose 1.0 percent in the month, which was stronger than expected. Factory Orders are a true leading indicator of future economic activity.
  • 10:00 AM ET, ISM Services Industries has been slow, having reported 54.4 in October and expectations of 53.5 for November.

Tuesday 12/6

  • 8:30 AM ET, International Trade in Goods and Services, a deficit of $80.0 billion is expected in October for total goods and services, which would compare with a $73.3 billion deficit in September. Advance data on the goods side of October’s report showed a more than $7 billion deepening in the deficit.

Wednesday 12/7

  • 7:00 AM ET, MBA Mortgage Applications are expected to show that the composite index down 0.8%, the purchase index has gained 3.8%, and the refinance index is down 12.9%. The MBA compiles various mortgage loan indexes. The purchase applications index measures applications at mortgage lenders. This is a leading indicator for single-family home sales and housing construction, along with related industries that are impacted by a changing housing market.
  • 8:30 AM ET, Productivity and Costs for third-quarter are expected to show non-farm productivity rising 0.4 percent versus a scant 0.3 percent annualized gain in the first estimate. Unit labor costs, which slowed from 8.9 percent in the second quarter to 3.5 percent in the first estimate for the third quarter, are expected to rise at a 3.3 percent rate in the second estimate.
  • 10:30 AM ET, EIA Petroleum Status report. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides weekly information on petroleum inventories in the U.S., whether produced here or abroad. The level of inventories helps determine prices for petroleum products.
  • 3:00 PM ET Consumer credit is expected to increase $27.3 billion in October versus a $25.0 billion increase in September. Changes in consumer credit indicate the state of consumer finances and signal future spending patterns. The report includes credit cards, vehicle loans, and student loans; mortgages are not included.
  • Productivity measures the growth of labor efficiency in producing the economy’s goods and services. Unit labor costs reflect the labor costs of producing each unit of output. Both are followed as indicators of future inflationary trends

Thursday 12/8

  • 8:30 AM ET, Jobless Claims for the December 3 week are expected to come in at a 228,000 four-week moving average, versus 225,000 in the prior week. Employment is one of the Fed’s mandates; as such, any number that significantly varies from consensus could alter the market’s thinking.
  • 10:00 AM ET, ISM Manufacturing Index was 50.2 in October; the ISM Manufacturing Index has been gradually slowing to nearly breakeven. November’s consensus is 49.9.
  • 10:00 AM ET, Construction spending is expected to fall 0.2 percent in October. This would be dramatic relative to September’s modest 0.2 percent gain.
  • 10:30 AM ET, The Energy Information Administration (EIA) provides weekly information on natural gas stocks in underground storage for the U.S. and five regions of the country. The level of inventories helps determine prices for natural gas products.
  • 4:30 PM ET, The Fed’s balance sheet is a weekly report presenting a consolidated balance sheet for all 12 Reserve Banks that lists factors supplying reserves into the banking system and factors absorbing reserves from the system. The report is officially named Factors Affecting Reserve Balances, otherwise known as the “H.4.1” report; investors have taken a recent interest in this weekly report as it shows if the Fed is on track with quantitative tightening plans.

Friday 12/9

  • 8:30 AM ET, Producer Price Index or PPI, after moderating in October, PPI is expected to rise 0.2 percent on the month in November and 7.2 percent on the year. These would compare with 0.2 and 8.0 percent in October, which were both lower than expected. When excluding food and energy, prices are expected to also rise 0.2 percent on the month and 5.9 percent on the year.
  • 10:00 AM ET, Consumer Sentiment is expected to remain unchanged at 56.8 after a rebound in November’s final report.
  • 10:00 AM ET, Wholesale Inventories (second estimate for October) is expected to be unchanged from the first estimate at 0.8%.

What Else

The focus until mid-month is likely to be how interest rate markets trade with a new sense that the Fed is slowing its tightening pace. Also in high focus this week, markets are expected to pay attention to how oil prices play out with the EU plan and perhaps a forthcoming Russian proposal.

Sources

https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-gathers-to-decide-output-with-russian-oil-price-cap-looming-11670116254

https://www.econoday.com/

The Fed Still Has a Long Way to Go To Reel in Wage Inflation

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Andrew Hudson (Flickr)

Employers Added 263,000 Jobs in November, How this Impacts Future Fed Decisions

There were many more jobs created and filled in the U.S. during November than expected. This may, on the surface, seem like a good thing for the economy, markets, and job seekers. But any expectation that the Fed is past the tipping point and is winning in the battle against conditions that increase prices will have to be curbed for a while.

The number of new hires points to unmet demand in filling positions, and the increase in wages directly adds to the cost of goods sold. Unmet high labor demand is inflationary and part of why the Fed is clear that it is not done.

Fed Chair Powell spoke last Wednesday in a lengthy address outlining the challenges that face the Fed and the avenues it is most likely to take. There is nothing in the strong November jobs report that alters what Powell has said. In fact, it may underscore the resiliency of the economy that the Fed is looking to temper. If you weren’t of the belief that the Fed would push Fed Funds beyond 5%, there is evidence that the Fed may need three 0.50% increases or more before it steps back.

Background

The Fed Chair and other Fed officials have reiterated in recent days that they are likely to lift rates and hold them at levels high enough to slow economic activity and hiring to bring inflation down from 40-year highs.

The just-released employment report for November was expected to come in far below the level reported. Digging even deeper into the numbers, it showed continued rampant hiring and elevated wage growth. The Fed had been hoping to keep a wage-price spiral at bay and get ahead of the supply-demand issues pushing wages and prices up.  

The November Unemployment Report

The headline number showed that employers added 263,000 jobs in November while the unemployment rate held steady at 3.7%. But the revised wage data in Friday’s release could concern Fed officials because it points to an acceleration in pay gains in recent months. For the three months that ended in November, average hourly earnings rose at a 5.8% annualized rate. This is a surprising increase from an initially reported 3.9% annualized rate for the three months that ended in October. Economists had expected the U.S. economy had gained 200,000 jobs last month.

At the same time, senior Fed officials have made sure it is no surprise if they lessen the size of rate increases in coming meetings. The next FOMC is the Dec. 13-14 meeting; the Fed is expected to move 0.50% rather than another 0.75%.

Most major stock market indices have traded lower, taking a bearish tone from the report and signs the Fed still is a little behind in its effort to squelch inflation-feeding activity.

Of interest to investors, the sectors with the most job gains were the leisure and hospitality and healthcare industries, both of which had been hard hit during the pandemic, and in government, where employment levels are still 2% below where they stood in February 2020.

Take Away

“To be clear, strong wage growth is a good thing,” Powell said this week. “But for wage growth to be sustainable, it needs to be consistent with 2% inflation.”

The accelerated pace of job growth in November, coupled with upwardly revised October statistics, makes clear to the markets the persistent challenge facing the Federal Reserve. The central bank has repeated that it needs to see some slack in the labor market in order for inflation to fall. This could come from reduced labor demand or increased labor supply, or both.

Four Reasons Oil Prices Could Gain Upward Momentum

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Phillip Pessar (Image Credit)

The Odds May Again be Stacked on the Side of a Prolonged Oil Price Rally

Oil markets and the related energy industry have been cheered this year as the one clear winner, yet within the past few days, crude has brushed up against its low recorded at the start of 2022. The commodity has since bounced, and there are at least four reasons to believe that it will continue to rally.

On Wednesday, November 30, news that China will take steps to ease lockdown restrictions, a drop in U.S. oil supplies, a weaker U.S. dollar, and a signal of OPEC+’s intentions helped push crude prices up by more than 3.5%.

China

Major Chinese manufacturing cities are lifting Covid lockdowns, including the financial hub Shanghai and Zhengzhou (the location of the world’s largest iPhone factory). Renewed expectations that China’s economy may strengthen after being held back by restrictions on movement to contain Covid-19 helped lift prices. After lockdown protests last weekend, Chinese authorities reported fewer cases of the virus on Tuesday. Guangzhou, a city in the south of the country, relaxed some rules on Wednesday. Increased economic activity in China could come at a pace that dramatically increases the demand for oil and related products.

US Supply

U.S. petroleum stockpiles declined by 7.9 million barrels last week, according to reports from the American Petroleum Institute. Official figures from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) shown below indicate a declining trend that is unsustainable and will soon need to be turned around.

Source: EIA

The decline in the days supply is effectively borrowing against future stockpiles as there will need to be a time when this reverses, and more output-increasing stockpiles will add to demand on production.

U.S. Dollar

A weakening dollar has also helped enhance demand globally for crude by making contracts priced in the U.S. currency more affordable for overseas buyers. The dollar index, a measure of strength against a basket of six other major trading currencies, slipped 0.3% on Wednesday. It’s down about 5% in the past month.

While the effect of this FX change may not be felt by U.S. buyers, the added demand by requiring less local currency to translate into dollars effectively creates demand by virtue of its lower cost.

Source: Koyfin

OPEC+

The Saudis had been considering increasing their output to help soften price pressures and increase availability. This would occur when the cartel meets this weekend to decide output levels. It is reported that the meeting will not be in-person. When OPEC+ agrees to meet virtually, it tends to indicate they are not discussing any major changes to output targets.

Expectations of an increase in output had been built into the price; the new expectations are putting upward pressure on crude.

 Take Away

A number of factors have caused crude to trade off since late Spring. A number of forces are now stacked up that could push crude levels back upward. These include fewer lockdowns in China, a declining U.S. supply, the added global demand that will be attracted by a weakening dollar, and the new realization that members of OPEC+ are not likely to increase output limits. Additionally, there has been a looming concern as to how much supply will be taken offline with price limits that are to be placed on purchases of Russian oil early next week.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.marketwatch.com/articles/oil-demand-dollar-china-crude-51669810965?mod=markets

https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Source-Dont-Expect-Any-Oil-Supply-Surprises-From-The-Sunday-OPEC-Meeting.html

https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/weekly/crude.php

Even Jeff Bezos Suggests Consumers Should Slow Spending, Can Holiday Spending Meet Expectations?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Anthony Quintano (Flickr)

Retailers May See More Red After Black Friday as Consumers Say They Plan to Pull Back on Spending

Retailers are gearing up for another blockbuster holiday shopping season, but consumers burned by the highest inflation in a generation may have other ideas.

Industry groups are predicting another record year of retail sales, with the National Retail Federation forecasting a jump of 6% to 8% over the US$890 billion consumers spent online and in stores in November and December of 2021.

But Jeff Bezos, founder and chairman of the biggest retailer of them all, seems to be anticipating a much less festive holiday for businesses. In November 2022, Amazon said it is laying off 10,000 workers, one of several big companies announcing job cuts recently. Bezos even cautioned consumers to hold off on big purchases like cars, televisions and appliances to save in case of a recession in 2023.

This article was republished with permission from The Conversation, a news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts. It represents the research-based findings and thoughts of Ayalla A. Ruvio, Associate Professor of Marketing and the Director of the MS of Marketing Research program, Michigan State University and Forrest Morgeson, Assistant Professor of Marketing, Michigan State University.

Results from our new survey suggest consumers appear to be already taking Bezos’ advice, as a combination of soaring consumer prices, rising borrowing costs and growing odds of a recession weighs on their wallets. And if our survey results do pan out, it may mean the recession everyone’s worried about happens sooner than expected.

Crisis Behaviors

We conducted our survey in mid-November, about a week before Black Friday, the historical start of the holiday shopping season. The day after Thanksgiving is known as Black Friday because it signals the period when retailers hope to sell enough goods so that their income statement shows “black,” or profit, for the year rather than “red,” which refers to losses.

We asked over 500 consumers a series of questions about their spending plans, concerns and priorities during this year’s holiday season. Participants were split evenly between men and women, and almost two-thirds had a household income of $70,000 or less.

Overall, the most alarming conclusion from our research is that consumers are reporting consumption behaviors typically exhibited during an economic crisis, similar to those observed in 2009 by consultancy McKinsey during the Great Recession.

One data point stands out: An overwhelming 62% said they were concerned about their job security, while almost 35% indicated they were “very” or “extremely” worried about their financial situation.

Here are three behaviors we found in our survey that suggest consumers are behaving as if the U.S. economy is already in a recession.

1. Spending Less

Not surprisingly, cutting spending is the first thing consumers do during economic turmoil.

A study by McKinsey in early 2009 found that 90% of U.S. households cut spending due to the Great Recession, with 33% of consumers indicating a significant cut.

Similarly, respondents to our survey said they plan to spend, on average, around $700 this holiday season, substantially lower than the roughly $880 consumers spent during each of the past three seasons – including early in the pandemic in 2020.

About a third of our sample intended to spend “slightly” or “much” less than in 2021, while 35% said they would spend “about the same” – which from a retailer’s perspective means spending less because last year’s dollars don’t go as far today. The rest said they planned to spend a little or much more.

Inflation is one of the key reasons consumers say they are spending less. Almost 80% of respondents said they are either moderately, very or extremely concerned about the surge in prices, and 87% said those concerns would affect their holiday spending behavior, such as by buying gifts for fewer people or purchasing less expensive items.

Some of our respondents even said they were planning to make their own gifts or buy used goods, rather than shop for new items. The secondhand market has boomed  in the last few years, and many shoppers view this option as a way to combat inflationary pressures.

2. Planning Ahead

Another thing consumers do when they sense a troubled economy is they plan their purchases more carefully and maintain self-control over spending.

Common strategies include spending more time searching for the best deals, adhering to strict shopping lists, prioritizing necessities and making purchases earlier to spread out their spending – all of which were mentioned by our survey respondents.

We may already be seeing signs of this last strategy. Retail sales for October were up 1.3% from the previous month and up 8.3% from October 2021, which may reflect consumers’ early holiday shopping. If that is the case, this early shopping may result in slumping sales in December.

Also, purchasing early, aided by the plethora of steep discounts offered well in advance of Black Friday, allows consumers to control their shopping behavior better and reduces the risk of impulse buying. Reduction of impulse buying is a strong indicator that consumers are shopping like the economy is in recession.

In our survey, we found that over 50% of participants said that they would be using savings to cover the cost of holiday spending, with many stressing that they would pay with cash. Using cash as a primary form of payment is the main tool consumers have to control spending.

Only 15% of our respondents said that they would use buy-now-pay-later options, which to us is another sign that consumers are preferring cash over forms of credit that creates a new debt.

3. Hypersensitivity to Price

During economic crises, consumers become hypersensitive to prices, which trump most other considerations in the minds of consumers.

A whopping 90% of our respondents confirmed that price is their major consideration when shopping during the holidays this year. Other elements of price sensitivity are free shipping, product value and the level of discount, if any.

The singular focus of consumers on price gives retailers a wide range of potential responses, including promoting house brands and private labels that are perceived as having greater value for money. In fact, according to the 2009 McKinsey report, one of the biggest shifts in consumer behavior during and after the 2008 recession was the switch in preference from high-priced premium brands to value brands that tend to have lower prices but still decent quality. During an economic slowdown, consumers typically stop buying brands they are not strongly connected with or loyal to.

Consumers in our survey said buying brand names will be one of the least important influences on their purchases this season.

While economists debate whether a recession is coming, or even whether the U.S. is already in one, our data suggests consumers are beginning to behave like one is already here. That risks becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy as consumers tighten their belts.

The Week Ahead – Powell’s Address on Inflation & Economy, PCE, Beige Book

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

Will the Fed Indicate an Altered Course This Week?

Economic numbers may take a back seat to Fed Chair Powell’s address on Wednesday and other regional Fed President addresses throughout the week.

The PCE, which is an inflation adjuster to GDP, is reported on the same day as the Fed Chair’s midweek address, the potential for volatility is high.  

Monday 11/28

  • 10:30 ET, Dallas Fed Manufacturing Survey, is expected to show general activity down 20.5 vs. down 19.4 the prior month. This would be the seventh straight reduction in manufacturing.
  • 12:00 ET, John Williams, the President of the New York Federal Reserve Bank, will be speaking. Although the NY Fed President has only one vote on the Federal Open Market Committee deciding monetary policy, the NY Fed tends to have more sway as the NY Fed President assumes the role of second after Chair Powell in the level of power.

Tuesday 11/29

  • 9:00 AM ET, The FHFA House Price Index is expected to have fallen 1.2 percent in September after falling 0.7 percent in August and 0.6 percent in July. August marked the sharpest fall and first back-to-back fall in 11 years.
  • 10:00 AM ET, Consumer Confidence for November 2022 is expected to come in at 100 vs 102.5 in October. The report measures consumers’ assessments of the labor market, business activity, and consumers’ own financial conditions. This could be one of the more important numbers of the week as consumer expectations and behavior can lead stock market movements and play into overall expectations as consumer spending is two-thirds of the U.S. economy.

Wednesday 11/30

  • 8:30 AM ET, GDP this will be the second estimate of the third-quarter GDP. The consensus is 2.7 percent growth. The previous estimate for the same period came in at 2.6%. The Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE), which is considered the Fed’s favored measure of inflation, is expected to show a rise of 1.5% for the month vs. the previous 1.4% monthly increase. The PCE component of GDP may get more attention than the GDP itself since it is considered a measure of inflation.
  • 8:30 AM ET, The U.S. Goods Deficit is expected to narrow by $1.3 billion to $90.6 billion in October after narrowing by more than $6 billion in September to $91.9 billion. Changes in the levels of imports and exports, along with netting the two (trade balance), are gauges of economic trends here and abroad. These trade figures can directly impact all financial markets; however, they do this in how they impact the valuation of the dollar.
  • 8:30 Wholesale Inventories are expected to be revised downward to 0.5%. This follows a build-up in inventories in September. A decline could suggest supply-chain difficulties are increasing.
  • 10:00 AM ET, JOLTS consensus is for job openings to fall 10.4 million vs. 10.7 million in September. This number will be focused on as the September number was at a level that caused some to question whether the economy still has job shortages.
  • 1:30 PM ET, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell will speak on the subjects of inflation and economic outlook; this could very well be the most market-altering event of the week. Watch it live by clicking here.
  • 2:00 PM ET, Beige Book released. A look at how each of the 12 Federal Reserve districts are reporting economic activity in their regions is important in this is a source of information the FOMC uses to make their decisions.
  • 3:00 PM ET, Farm Prices month-over-month is expected to have declined by 0.2%. Year-over-year the inflation contributor is expected to have risen 21%.

Thursday 12/1

  • 8:30 AM ET, Jobless Claims for the November 27 week are expected to come in at 235,000 versus 240,000 in the prior week. Employment is one of the Fed’s mandates; as such, any number that significantly varies from consensus could alter the markets thinking.
  • 9:25 AM ET, Dallas Fed President Lorie Logan is scheduled to give an address.
  • 10:00 AM ET, ISM Manufacturing Index was 50.2 in October; the ISM Manufacturing Index has been gradually slowing to nearly breakeven. November’s consensus is 49.9.
  • 10:00 AM ET, Construction spending is expected to fall 0.2 percent in October. This would be dramatic relative to September’s modest 0.2 percent gain.

Friday 12/2

  • 8:30 AM ET, The Employment Situation or Non-Farm Payroll is expected to rise by 200,000, which would compare with 261,000 as reported in October. October was the sixth straight month and eight of the last nine that payroll growth exceeded consensus. Average hourly earnings in November are expected to rise 0.3 percent on the month for a year-over-year rate of 4.6; these would compare with 0.4 and 4.7 percent in October.

What Else

There are more rumblings about the Fed easing up on how rapidly it is braking to tame an inflationary economy. The Powell’s words and promises on Wednesday, taken alongside of the other Fed President addresses may confirm a turning point – a tapering of the tightening.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

www.econoday.com

https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/calendar.htm

When Will Monetary Policy Finally Score?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com
Image Credit: Pixabay (Pexels)

Why the Fed Needs to Gain Trust, Gain Momentum, and Gain More Yards

Monetary policy and its implementation is as much sport as science. Economics is actually a social science, so it relies on human behavior to mimic past behaviors as its prediction guide. But as in sports, victory is difficult if there is distrust in the coach that’s calling the shots (in this case Powell), or if there are people on your side that have reason to work against you, (an example would be Yellen). Consistency in blocking and tackling (doing the right thing) and not giving up, over time, wins games. Knowing what to expect from the opposing team (consumers) wins a healthy economy.

One repeated trait in monetary policy is that there is a lag between implementation (easing or tightening) and a change in economic conditions. It isn’t a short lag, and the impact varies. Since it could take more than a year for a policy change to begin to impact the economy, the Fed usually moves at a slow and measured pace in order to not overdo it.

The slow pace allows policymakers to observe the impact of their moves and change tactics (positions on the playing field) mid-game.  

Federal-Funds Rate During Tightening Cycles

Note: From December 2008, midpoint of target range. December 2015 hike excluded from 2016-18 cycle

Source: Federal Reserve

Over the past nine months, we have been in a tightening cycle. During this period, the Fed has raised rates by 3.75%. On average (since 1975), when the Fed has tightened rates, they are notched up by 5.00% over 20 months.

The Fed’s current pace is faster than average. This is because inflation took them by surprise, and rose rapidly. Putting up a strong defense against inflation that has been rampant is necessary to not be shut out and allow the Fed to gain control over the outcome.

Because one has to be able to reflect back more than 40 years to have experienced the Fed raising rates this fast. Many have lost confidence in its ability, and are in their own way working against a winning outcome.

Pace of Fed Hiking Cycles

Note: From December 2008, the midpoint of target range

Source: Federal Reserve

The stock and bond markets move in group anticipation of expected policy moves by the Fed. This has been more pronounced in recent years as the Fed has basically shared its expectations after each meeting, setting up for the next. Higher rates make bonds and bank deposits more attractive. Higher rates also weaken the economy and corporate profits, and that induces investors to move away from stocks and even real estate.

Bonds now offer the highest yields since 2007. The stock market may have anticipated what was to come as it peaked in early January of this year, more than two months before the Fed began hiking in March.

Fed Hikes and S&P 500 Bear Markets

Sources: Federal Reserve; Dow Jones Market Data

Sources: Federal Reserve; Dow Jones Market Data

Employment

The Fed is concerned with a wage-price spiral feeding on itself. It likely won’t be  satisfied that its tightening has been sufficient until it can be confident that it has avoided a wage-price storm on the economy.

Ideally, this would happen without unemployment rising. Soft landings took place in 1983-84 and 1994-95. But when inflation starts out too high, as it is now, unemployment usually rises notably, and a recession occurs.

Historically, this doesn’t happen until several years after the first increase. This time it is hoped it will be different, since the Fed is playing more aggressively.

Periods of Fed Hiking and Rising Unemployment

Note: The unemployment rate rose to 3.7% in October, up from the pandemic low of 3.5% a month earlier.
Sources: Federal Reserve; Labor Department

Inflation

Historically, inflation has only fallen to acceptable levels after unemployment has increased, and long after the first rate increase – the exact timing has varied. If the fall in core inflation (which excludes the volatile food and energy components) between September and October continues, and September proves to be the peak, the time between the first Fed increase and the high point of inflation will be one of the shortest of any Fed hiking cycle.

Often, the break in inflation has been accompanied by a recession. The economy receded in each of the first two quarters and then grew in the third. The changes in the inflation component in Gross Domestic Product may have borrowed from one quarter and have been additive to the next. The fourth quarter reading should help level the growth averages out to see if we were indeed in a shallow recession.

Proximity of Peak Inflation and Recessions to Initial Rate Hikes, from Year Hiking Cycle Began

Note: Inflation refers to core CPI.

Sources: Federal Reserve; Labor Department

Take  Away

As in many team sports, once one side gets momentum, they are difficult to stop . The Fed needs to gain the trust of the individual players in the economy in order to be successful. Saying one thing, then doing another, would undermine this trust. So far, despite the Fed originally being wrong about inflation, the Fed has done what it has said it would do. Stock and bond markets, which are a considerable part of the economy, have been slow to understand the Fed’s resolve.

It has been implementing the balance sheet run-off plan and raising rates toward a level it believes would equate to a future 2% inflation rate. Like so many other things in the social sciences, widely held expectations of the future become self-fulfilling.

Paul Hoffman

Managing Editor, Channelchek

Sources

https://www.wsj.com/articles/move-over-inflation-here-comes-the-earnings-crunch-11668300124?mod=article_inline

https://www.wsj.com/articles/fed-raises-interest-rates-for-first-time-since-2018-11647453603?mod=article_inline

https://www.wsj.com/articles/feds-aggressive-rate-hikes-are-a-game-changer-11669006579?mod=economy_lead_pos5

www.BLS.gov

Rail Worker Impasse Likely –  What’s Around the Next Turn?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

Railroad Unions and Their Employers at an Impasse: Freight-Halting Strikes are Rare, and this Would be the First in 3 Decades

The prospect of a potentially devastating rail workers strike is looming again.

Fears of a strike in September 2022 prompted the Biden administration to pull out all the stops to get a deal between railroads and the largest unions representing their employees.

That deal hinged on ratification by a majority of members at all 12 of those unions. So far, eight have voted in favor, but four have rejected the terms. If even one continues to reject the deal after further negotiations, it could mean a full-scale freight strike will start as soon as midnight on Dec. 5, 2022. Any work stoppage by conductors and engineers would surely interfere with the delivery of gifts and other items Americans will want to receive in time for the holiday season, along with coal, lumber and other key commodities.

Strikes that obstruct transportation rarely occur in the United States, and the last one involving rail workers happened three decades ago. But when these workers do walk off the job, it can thrash the economy, inconveniencing millions of people and creating a large-scale crisis.

This article was republished with permission from The Conversation, a news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts. It represents the research-based findings and thoughts of Erik Loomis, Professor of History, University of Rhode Island.

I’m a labor historian who has studied the history of American strikes. I believe that with the U.S. teetering toward at least a mild recession and some of the supply chain disruptions that arose at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic still wreaking havoc, I don’t think the administration would accept a rail strike for long.

19th Century Rail Strikes

Few, if any, workers have more power over the economy than transportation workers. Their ability to shut down the entire economy has often led to heavy retaliation from the government when they have tried to exercise that power.

In 1877, a small strike against a West Virginia railroad that had cut wages spread. It grew into what became known as the Great Railroad Strike, a general rebellion against railroads that brought thousands of unemployed workers into the streets.

Seventeen years later, in 1894, the American Railway Union went on strike in solidarity with the Pullman Sleeping Car company workers who had gone on strike due to their boss lowering wages while maintaining rents on their company housing.

In both cases, the threat of a railroad strike led the federal government to call out the military to crush the labor actions. Dozens of workers died.

Once those dramatic clashes ended, for more than a century rail unions have played a generally quiet role, preferring to focus on the needs of their members and avoiding most broader social and political questions. Fearful of more rail strikes, the government passed the Railway Labor Act of 1926, which gives Congress the power to intervene before a rail strike starts.

Breaking the Air Traffic Controllers Union

With travel by road and air growing in importance in the 20th century, other transportation workers also engaged in actions that could shut down the economy.

The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Association walked off the job in 1981 after a decade of increased militancy over the stress and conditions of their job. The union had engaged in a series of slowdowns through the 1970s, delaying airplanes and frustrating passengers.

When it went on strike in 1981, the union broke the law, as federal workers do not have the right to strike. That’s when President Ronald Reagan became the first modern U.S. leader to retaliate against striking transportation workers. Two days after warning the striking workers that they would lose their jobs unless they returned to work, Reagan fired more than 11,000 of them. He also banned them from ever being rehired.

In the aftermath of Reagan’s actions, the number of strikes by U.S. workers plummeted. Rail unions engaged in brief strikes in both 1991 and 1992, but Congress used the Railway Labor Act to halt them, ordering workers back on the job and imposing a contract upon the workers.

In 1992, Congress passed another measure that forced a system of arbitration upon railroad workers before a strike – that took power away from workers to strike.

New Era of Labor Militancy

Following decades of decline in the late 20th century, U.S. labor organizing has surged in recent years.

Most notably, unionization attempts at Starbucks and Amazon have led to surprising successes against some of the biggest corporations in the country. Teachers’ unions around the nation have also held a series of successful strikes everywhere from Los Angeles to West Virginia.

United Parcel Service workers, who held the nation’s last major transportation strike, in 1997, may head back to the picket lines after their contract expires in June 2023. UPS workers, members of the Teamsters union, are angry over a two-tiered system that pays newer workers lower wages, and they are also demanding greater overtime protections.

But rail workers, angered by their employers’ refusal to offer sick leave and other concerns, may go on strike first.

Rail companies have greatly reduced the number of people they employ on freight trains as part of their efforts to maximize profits and take advantage of technological progress. They generally keep the size of crews limited to only two per train.

Many companies want to pare back their workforce further, saying that it can be safe to have crews consisting of a single crew member on freight trains. The unions reject this arrangement, saying that lacking a second set of eyes would be a recipe for mistakes, accidents and disasters.

The deal the Biden administration brokered in September would raise annual pay by 24% over several years, raising the average pay for rail workers to $110,000 by 2024. But strikes are often about much more than wages. The companies have also long refused to provide paid sick leave or to stop demanding that their workers have inflexible and unpredictable schedules.

The Biden administration had to cajole the rail companies into offering a single personal day, while workers demanded 15 days of sick leave. Companies had offered zero. The agreement did remove penalties from workers who took unpaid sick or family leave, but this would still leave a group of well-paid workers whose daily lives are filled with stress and fear.

What Lies Ahead

Seeing highly paid workers threaten to take action that would surely compound strains on supply chains at a time when inflation is at a four-decade high may not win rail unions much public support.

A coalition representing hundreds of business groups has called for government intervention to make sure freight trains keep moving, and it’s highly likely that Congress will again impose a decision on workers under the Railway Labor Act. The Biden administration, which has shown significant sympathy to unions, has resisted supporting such a step so far.

No one should expect the military to intervene like it did in the 19th century. But labor law remains tilted toward companies, and I believe that if the government were to compel striking rail workers back on the job, the move might find a receptive audience.

Does Cheaper Government Debt Crowd Out Liquidity?

Posted on by phoffman@channelchek.com

Will Global Rate Hikes Set Off a Global Debt Bomb?

The higher levels of risky corporate debt issuance over the past few year will need to be refinanced between 2023 and 2025, In numbers terms,  there will be over $10 trillion of the riskiest debt at much higher interest rates and with less liquidity. In addition to domestic high yield issuance, the majority of the major European economies have issued negative-yielding debt over the past three years and must now refinance at significantly higher rates. In 2020–21.  the annual increase in the US money supply (M2) was 27 percent, more than 2.5 times higher than the quantitative easing peak of 2009 and the highest level since 1960. Negative yielding bonds, an economic anomaly that should have set off alarm bells as an example of a bubble worse than the “subprime” bubble, amounted to over $12 trillion. Even if refinancing occurs smoothly but at higher costs, the impact on new credit and innovation will be enormous, and the crowding out effect of government debt absorbing the majority of liquidity and the zombification of the already indebted will result in weaker growth and decreased productivity in the future.

Raising interest rates is a necessary but insufficient measure to combat inflation. To reduce inflation to 2 percent, central banks must significantly reduce their balance sheets, which has not yet occurred in local currency, and governments must reduce spending, which is highly unlikely.

The most challenging obstacle is also the accumulation of debt.

The so-called expansionary policies have not been an instrument for reducing debt, but rather for increasing it. In the second quarter of 2022, according to the Institute of International Finance (IIF), the global debt-to-GDP ratio will approach 350 percent of GDP. IIF anticipates that the global debt-to-GDP ratio will reach 352 percent by the end of 2022.

Global issuances of high-yield debt have slowed but remain elevated. According to the IMF, the total issuance of European and American high-yield bonds reached a record high of $1,6 trillion in 2021, as businesses and investors capitalized on still low interest rates and high liquidity. According to the IMF, high-yield bond issuances in the United States and Europe will reach $700 billion in 2022, similar to 2008 levels. All of the risky debt accumulated over the past few years will need to be refinanced between 2023 and 2025, requiring the refinancing of over $10 trillion of the riskiest debt at much higher interest rates and with less liquidity.

Moody’s estimates that United States corporate debt maturities will total $785 billion in 2023 and $800 billion in 2024. This increases the maturities of the Federal government. The United States has $31 trillion in outstanding debt with a five-year average maturity, resulting in $5 trillion in refinancing needs during fiscal 2023 and a $2 trillion budget deficit. Knowing that the federal debt of the United States will be refinanced increases the risk of crowding out and liquidity stress on the debt market.

According to The Economist, the cumulative interest bill for the United States between 2023 and 2027 should be less than 3 percent of GDP, which appears manageable. However, as a result of the current path of rate hikes, this number has increased, which exacerbates an already unsustainable fiscal problem.

If you think the problem in the United States is significant, the situation in the eurozone is even worse. Governments in the euro area are accustomed to negative nominal and real interest rates. The majority of the major European economies have issued negative-yielding debt over the past three years and must now refinance at significantly higher rates. France and Italy have longer average debt maturities than the United States, but their debt and growing structural deficits are also greater. Morgan Stanley estimates that, over the next two years, the major economies of the eurozone will require a total of $3 trillion in refinancing.

Although at higher rates, governments will refinance their debt. What will become of businesses and families? If quantitative tightening is added to the liquidity gap, a credit crunch is likely to ensue. However, the issue is not rate hikes but excessive debt accumulation complacency.

Explaining to citizens that negative real interest rates are an anomaly that should never have been implemented is challenging. Families may be concerned about the possibility of a higher mortgage payment, but they are oblivious to the fact that house prices have skyrocketed due to risk accumulation caused by excessively low interest rates.

The magnitude of the monetary insanity since 2008 is enormous, but the glut of 2020 was unprecedented. Between 2009 and 2018, we were repeatedly informed that there was no inflation, despite the massive asset inflation and the unjustified rise in financial sector valuations. This is inflation, massive inflation. It was not only an overvaluation of financial assets, but also a price increase for irreplaceable goods and services. The FAO food index reached record highs in 2018, as did the housing, health, education, and insurance indices. Those who argued that printing money without control did not cause inflation, however, continued to believe that nothing was wrong until 2020, when they broke every rule.

In 2020–21, the annual increase in the US money supply (M2) was 27 percent, more than 2.5 times higher than the quantitative easing peak of 2009 and the highest level since 1960. Negative yielding bonds, an economic anomaly that should have set off alarm bells as an example of a bubble worse than the “subprime” bubble, amounted to over $12 trillion. But statism was pleased because government bonds experienced a bubble. Statism always warns of bubbles in everything except that which causes the government’s size to expand.

In the eurozone, the increase in the money supply was the greatest in its history, nearly three times the Draghi-era peak. Today, the annualized rate is greater than 6 percent, remaining above Draghi’s “bazooka.” All of this unprecedented monetary excess during an economic shutdown was used to stimulate public spending, which continued after the economy reopened … And inflation skyrocketed. However, according to Lagarde, inflation appeared “out of nowhere.”

No, inflation is not caused by commodities, war, or “disruptions in the supply chain.” Wars are deflationary if the money supply remains constant. Several times between 2008 and 2018, the value of commodities rose sharply, but they do not cause all prices to rise simultaneously. If the amount of currency issued remains unchanged, supply chain issues do not affect all prices. If the money supply remains the same, core inflation does not rise to levels not seen in thirty years.

All of the excess of unproductive debt issued during a period of complacency will exacerbate the problem in 2023 and 2024. Even if refinancing occurs smoothly but at higher costs, the impact on new credit and innovation will be enormous, and the crowding out effect of government debt absorbing the majority of liquidity and the zombification of the already indebted will result in weaker growth and decreased productivity in the future.

About the Author:

Daniel Lacalle, PhD, economist and fund manager, is the author of the bestselling books Freedom or Equality (2020), Escape from the Central Bank Trap (2017), The Energy World Is Flat (2015), and Life in the Financial Markets (2014).