MVA-X Platform Demonstrates Single-Dose Durable Protection Comparable to Two-Dose Regimen
ATLANTA, GA, April 2, 2026 – GeoVax Labs, Inc. (Nasdaq: GOVX), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing vaccines and immunotherapies for infectious diseases and cancer, today highlighted preclinical data presented at the World Vaccine Congress Washington 2026 supporting the potential for a single-dose Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-based mpox vaccine. The data demonstrate that a novel MVA vaccine construct incorporating an immunomodulatory peptide (“MVA-X”) achieved protective efficacy, comparable to the traditional two-dose MVA regimen, in a murine orthopoxvirus challenge model.
The presentation, titled “Next-Generation MVA Mpox Vaccines: Harnessing an Immunomodulatory Peptide for Single-Dose Efficacy,” was delivered by Heather Koehler, Ph.D., of Washington State University, during the Immune Profiling track on April 1, 2026.
Single-dose efficacy: the MVA-X vaccine construct achieved complete protection comparable to a two-dose MVA vaccine regimen in a lethal orthopox challenge model, while a single-administration of MVA showed only partial protection.
Durable protection: Protective immunity was maintained through Day 150 post-vaccination, with 100% survival observed in both MVA-X (single-dose) and two-dose MVA groups.
Robust viral control: MVA-X demonstrated significant reduction in lung viral burden, comparable to the two-dose MVA regimen.
T cell-driven immunity: Protection in MVA-X vaccinated animals was independent of neutralizing antibodies, supported by enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.
Mechanistic Innovation
The MVA-X construct incorporates a peptide designed to transiently modulate the PD-1 immune checkpoint pathway, enhancing T cell activation and durability of immune response during vaccination.
This approach enables:
Stronger and more sustained T cell responses
Enhanced immune memory
Potential for durable protection with fewer doses
This represents a novel application of immune checkpoint modulation within vaccine design.
“These findings provide an important proof-of-concept that the performance of MVA-based vaccines can be enhanced to potentially achieve single-dose protection,” said Mark Newman, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer of GeoVax. “The preclinical data demonstrates a clear biological signal that supports continued exploration of immune-enhanced MVA constructs.”
David A. Dodd, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of GeoVax, added: “As mpox continues to emerge as a recurring global health and biodefense concern, the need for vaccines that are both durable and rapidly deployable has become increasingly clear. An MVA-X vaccine may offer the opportunity to meaningfully improve vaccination coverage, compliance, and outbreak response – particularly in resource-constrained or high-risk environments.”
Dodd further noted: “These results reinforce the strength and flexibility of the MVA platform that underpins our GEO-MVA program. With a defined regulatory pathway in place and preparations underway to initiate a Phase 3 immune bridging study, GeoVax is focused on advancing an MVA vaccine designed to expand global supply, support public health preparedness, and address the limitations of existing options.”
Strategic Context
Supports Single-Dose Strategy for MVA-based immunization: Potential to simplify vaccination and improve real-world deployment
Aligns with Market Need: Potential to addresses drawbacks of current mpox vaccines, including multi-dose requirements and durability
About the Study
The study evaluated MVA-X, an MVA-based vaccine incorporating an immunomodulatory peptide sequence designed to enhance T cell responses. In murine models, animals were challenged with high-dose vaccinia virus at multiple timepoints (Days 55, 90, and 150), with outcomes including survival, viral load, clinical pathology, and immune response.
About GeoVax
GeoVax Labs, Inc. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development of vaccines and immunotherapies addressing high-consequence infectious diseases and solid tumor cancers. GeoVax’s priority program is GEO-MVA, a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)–based vaccine targeting mpox and smallpox. The program is advancing under an expedited regulatory pathway, with plans to initiate a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in the second half of 2026, to address critical global needs for expanded orthopoxvirus vaccine supply and biodefense preparedness. In oncology, GeoVax is developing Gedeptin®, a gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) designed to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor activity. Gedeptin has completed a multicenter Phase 1/2 clinical trial in advanced head and neck cancer and is being advanced into combination strategies, including planned neoadjuvant and first-line settings. GeoVax’s broader pipeline includes the development of GEO-CM04S1, a next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate being evaluated in immunocompromised and other patient populations. GeoVax maintains a global intellectual property portfolio supporting its infectious disease and oncology programs and continues to evaluate strategic partnerships and funding opportunities aligned with its development priorities. For more information, visit www.geovax.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This release contains forward-looking statements regarding GeoVax’s business plans. The words “believe,” “look forward to,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. Actual results may differ materially from those included in these statements due to a variety of factors, including whether: GeoVax is able to obtain acceptable results from ongoing or future clinical trials of its investigational products, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines can provoke the desired responses, and those products or vaccines can be used effectively, GeoVax’s viral vector technology adequately amplifies immune responses to cancer antigens, GeoVax can develop and manufacture its immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines with the desired characteristics in a timely manner, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines will be safe for human use, GeoVax’s vaccines will effectively prevent targeted infections in humans, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines will receive regulatory approvals necessary to be licensed and marketed, GeoVax raises required capital to complete development, there is development of competitive products that may be more effective or easier to use than GeoVax’s products, GeoVax will be able to enter into favorable manufacturing and distribution agreements, and other factors, over which GeoVax has no control.
Further information on our risk factors is contained in our periodic reports on Form 10-Q and Form 10-K that we have filed and will file with the SEC. Any forward-looking statement made by us herein speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.
FDA Fast Track designation supports accelerated development and expedites regulatory review
Norovirus is responsible for an estimated 685 million global cases each year and approximately $60 billion in worldwide economic impact
BOTHELL, Wash., April 02, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (Nasdaq: COCP) (“Cocrystal” or the “Company”) announces that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Fast Track designation to its oral, direct-acting protease inhibitor, CDI-988, the first oral antiviral candidate being developed for treatment and prophylaxis of norovirus infection.
FDA Fast Track designation aims to facilitate the development and accelerate the review process for drugs that treat serious conditions and address unmet medical needs. The designation enables early and frequent communication with the FDA throughout the development process, allows for rolling review of a New Drug Application (NDA), and may qualify a product for Priority Review at the time of NDA submission.
CDI-988 was designed and developed as an inhibitor of a highly conserved region of noroviruses, coronaviruses, and other 3CL viral proteases. A Phase 1b norovirus challenge study is underway at Emory University School of Medicine to evaluate CDI-988 to both prevent and treat norovirus infection.
“We are pleased that the FDA has granted Fast Track designation for CDI-988, marking a significant milestone for Cocrystal and a critical step toward helping patients with norovirus,” said Sam Lee, Ph.D., President and co‑CEO of Cocrystal Pharma. “Norovirus infections are highly contagious and can cause acute gastroenteritis, resulting in nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, fatigue, fever and dehydration. While most people recover within a few days, immunocompromised individuals can experience chronic, long-term norovirus infections that can persist for weeks to years. Based on compelling data generated to date, we believe that CDI-988 has the potential to both prevent and treat norovirus infection.
“This designation further validates using our unique structure-based drug discovery technology to design pan-viral antivirals that are effective new treatment options,” added Dr. Lee. “We look forward to more frequent interactions with the FDA with the goal of delivering the first therapeutic and preventive medicine to treat norovirus infections.”
Cocrystal’s ongoing Phase 1b randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled challenge study (NCT07198139) at Emory University School of Medicine will evaluate CDI‑988 in up to 40 healthy adults. The primary endpoint is a reduction in the incidence of clinical symptoms, with secondary endpoints assessing viral shedding, disease severity, safety, and pharmacokinetics.
About Cocrystal Pharma’s Structure-Based Drug Discovery Platform
Cocrystal is leveraging its structure‑based drug discovery platform technology to design next‑generation antiviral candidates that precisely target viral replication mechanisms. By binding to highly conserved regions of viral enzymes, the Company’s compounds aim to maintain potency against mutating strains while minimizing off‑target effects, offering potentially safer, broad‑spectrum antiviral solutions. This approach streamlines candidate identification and optimization, enabling more rapid progression of promising therapies with robust resistance and safety profiles.
About Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.
Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company discovering and developing novel antiviral therapeutics that target the replication process of noroviruses, influenza viruses, coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2), and rhinoviruses. Cocrystal employs unique structure-based technologies and Nobel Prize-winning expertise to create viable antiviral drugs. For further information about Cocrystal, please visit www.cocrystalpharma.com.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding our plans for more frequent interactions with the FDA and our goals with respect to our norovirus product candidate. The words “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events. Some or all of the events anticipated by these forward-looking statements may not occur. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ from those in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties arising from delays arising from raw materials and labor shortages, supply chain disruptions and other business interruptions including any adverse impacts on our ability to obtain raw materials for and otherwise proceed with studies as well as similar problems with our vendors and our current and any future clinical research organization (CROs) and contract manufacturing organizations, the progress and results of the studies including any adverse findings or delays, the ability of us and our CROs to recruit volunteers for, and to otherwise proceed with, clinical studies, our and our collaboration partners’ technology and software performing as expected, financial difficulties experienced by certain partners, the results of any current and future preclinical and clinical studies, general risks arising from clinical studies, receipt of regulatory approvals, regulatory changes and any adverse developments which may arise therefrom, and general economic adverse effects from the ongoing conflict with Iran. Further information on our risk factors is contained in our filings with the SEC, including the “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Any forward-looking statement made by us herein speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.
The Trump administration is preparing to impose tariffs of up to 100% on branded pharmaceutical drugs — but the details buried beneath that headline number tell a more nuanced story, one that comes with multiple off-ramps for companies willing to engage. According to a draft document obtained by CNBC, the proposal is not final, and the framework is structured less as a blanket penalty and more as a tiered system designed to reward companies that move quickly and strategically.
Understanding the structure matters more than reacting to the headline.
How the Framework Actually Works
Under the draft proposal, patented medications and their active pharmaceutical ingredients would face a 100% tariff — but that rate applies specifically to companies that have neither struck deals with the administration nor committed to onshoring US manufacturing. Companies that are actively moving production to the United States would face a significantly lower 20% rate, with a four-year runway before that escalates. Companies that have already executed pricing deals with the Department of Health and Human Services — or are currently in active negotiations — are exempt from additional tariffs entirely. Generic drugs face zero new tariffs under the proposal. Separate negotiated rates also exist for the EU, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, and the UK through bilateral arrangements.
The architecture of this plan is deliberate. The 100% figure is the ceiling for the least cooperative scenario, not the baseline.
The Early Movers Are Already Protected
Since November, more than a dozen major drugmakers — including Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and Novo Nordisk — have signed agreements with the Trump administration under the “most favored nation” pricing policy, which ties US drug prices to lower international rates. Those deals came with a three-year tariff exemption, meaning the companies that read the room early are sitting out this round entirely. Lilly in particular has had an extraordinarily active week — closing a $6.3 billion acquisition of Centessa Pharmaceuticals and receiving FDA approval for its oral GLP-1 drug Foundayo — operating from a position of policy stability that its peers without deals don’t currently enjoy.
The Roadmap for Smaller Companies
For small and microcap biopharma companies, the key takeaway is that the exemption pathways are real and accessible. The administration has structured this to incentivize negotiation, not to punish innovation. Companies currently in active HHS discussions face no additional tariffs — which means initiating that conversation sooner rather than later is the most direct hedge available.
The generic drug exemption also provides meaningful relief for a significant portion of the smaller specialty pharma universe. And for companies earlier in their development cycle — clinical-stage biotechs without commercial products yet — the immediate operational impact is limited while the policy landscape continues to develop.
The onshoring incentive embedded in the framework also opens a longer-term strategic conversation. Federal policy is clearly moving toward rewarding domestic manufacturing investment, and companies that begin building that into their operational planning now will be better positioned competitively as the rules solidify.
The Bigger Picture
This proposal is part of a broader administration push to restructure how drugs are priced and where they are made in the United States. The direction of travel is clear even if the final details are not. For biopharma companies of every size, the companies that treat this as a strategic planning exercise rather than a political headline will be the ones best positioned when the policy finalizes.
The playbook exists. The question is who runs it first.
GARDian3 trial enrollment and dosing completed (N=63) in less than nine months
Topline results expected in 2Q27 with BLA to follow by mid-2027
OCU410ST represents a potential first-in-class, one-time modifier gene therapy for all ABCA4-associated retinopathies
MALVERN, Pa., April 01, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Ocugen, Inc. (Ocugen or the Company) (NASDAQ: OCGN), a pioneering biotechnology leader in gene therapies for blindness diseases, today announced that dosing has been successfully completed ahead of schedule in the Phase 2/3 GARDian3 pivotal confirmatory clinical trial for OCU410ST (AAV5-hRORA)—a modifier gene therapy candidate developed for all Stargardt disease (ABCA4-associated retinopathies).
“This enrollment milestone for a pivotal trial underscores the tremendous progress our team is making toward bringing a transformative therapy to people living with multiple ABCA4-related gene mutations including Stargardt disease,” said Dr. Shankar Musunuri, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Co-founder of Ocugen. “The efficient and accelerated execution of this trial reflects the strong engagement of investigators and patients. It reinforces our confidence in OCU410ST as a potential one-time treatment option for all Stargardt patients who are desperately seeking rescue from blindness with no approved therapies to date.”
“I am encouraged by the enthusiastic response and rapid enrollment in the GARDian3 registrational clinical trial for Stargardt disease—a devastating pediatric-onset retinal disorder affecting approximately 100,000 patients in the U.S. and Europe,” said Dr. Huma Qamar, Chief Medical Officer of Ocugen. “Our trial encompasses pediatric to adult, and early to advanced stage subjects to address critical unmet medical need.”
“As a treating retina specialist, I see how the natural history of Stargardt disease leads to relentless enlargement of atrophic lesions and gradual loss of central visual acuity, often at a young age,” said Christine Kay, MD, Vitreo Retinal Associates, Florida and a principal investigator in the GARDian3 trial. “The opportunity to intervene at an early stage of disease with a one-time subretinal gene therapy like OCU410ST that can potentially slow lesion growth, preserve visual function over time, and save vision before irreversible damage represents an exciting and much needed shift from watching patients decline to proactively altering the course of their disease.”
GARDian3 is a multicenter, randomized, masked, pivotal Phase 2/3 confirmatory study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OCU410ST in patients with all mutations of Stargardt disease. OCU410ST is administered as a single subretinal injection, leveraging Ocugen’s AAV5-based modifier gene therapy platform to provide durable expression of hRORA in the retina with the goal of slowing or halting progressive macular degeneration and preserving visual function.
The Phase 2/3 study enrolled 63 participants diagnosed with Stargardt disease. Subjects randomized to treatment group received a one-time subretinal injection of OCU410ST (3 × 1010 vector genomes/eye) in the eye with poorer visual acuity, while untreated control group did not receive any treatment. The primary objective of the trial is to evaluate the reduction in atrophic lesion size at 12 months. Key secondary endpoints include improvements in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and low luminance visual acuity (LLVA), compared to controls. Observational endpoints include preservation of Ellipsoid Zone (EZ) that correlates to visual function. While demonstrating functional benefit via visual acuity within 12 months can be challenging due to the disease’s natural history, it is believed that preservation of EZ will serve as a meaningful and early indicator of therapeutic benefit.
Interim analysis will be performed in the third quarter of 2026 when 24 subjects complete the 8-month follow-up visit post-OCU410ST treatment. Data from the one-year follow-up will be used to support the company’s planned Biologics License Application (BLA).
OCU410ST maintains a favorable safety and tolerability profile with no serious adverse events or adverse events of special interest, including ischemic optic neuropathy, vasculitis, intraocular inflammation, endophthalmitis or choroidal neovascularization.
The OCU410ST Phase 2/3 pivotal confirmatory trial represents Ocugen’s second late-stage clinical program. Ocugen plans to submit the BLA for OCU410ST mid-2027 in alignment with its strategic goal of filing three BLAs by 2028.
About OCU410ST OCU410ST utilizes an AAV5 delivery platform to deliver the RORA (RAR-Related Orphan Receptor A) gene to the retina. By restoring nuclear hormone receptor signaling, OCU410ST addresses pathophysiological pathways linked to Stargardt disease, including lipofuscin formation, oxidative stress, complement activation, inflammation, and photoreceptor survival networks independent of the underlying ABCA4 genotype.
In a 12-month Phase 1 (GARDian 1) trial, evaluable treated eyes showed a 54% reduction in atrophic lesion growth versus untreated fellow eyes, with slower lesion expansion and improvement in visual acuity among evaluable patients. Treated eyes gained an average of 6 letters in BCVA, while untreated fellow eyes declined by 1.5 letters, and all treated eyes either stabilized or improved in visual acuity. In evaluable subjects ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss rate was 116% slower in OCU410ST-treated eyes vs untreated fellow eyes at 12 months. Data indicates preservation or stabilization of photoreceptor integrity in treated eyes. No drug-related serious adverse events or adverse events of special interest were observed.
About Stargardt Disease Stargardt disease type 1 is a genetic eye disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the ABCA4 gene. This condition leads to progressive macular degeneration, with onset typically occurring during childhood or adolescence. Affected patients experience progressive central vision loss while peripheral vision is usually preserved. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments for this orphan indication.
About Ocugen, Inc. Ocugen, Inc. is a pioneering biotechnology leader in gene therapies for blindness diseases. Our breakthrough modifier gene therapy platform has the potential to address significant unmet medical need for large patient populations through our gene-agnostic approach. Unlike traditional gene therapies and gene editing, Ocugen’s modifier gene therapies address the entire disease—complex diseases that are potentially caused by imbalances in multiple gene networks. Currently we have programs in development for inherited retinal diseases and blindness diseases affecting millions across the globe, including retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, and geographic atrophy—late stage dry age-related macular degeneration. Discover more at www.ocugen.com and follow us on X and LinkedIn.
Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including, but not limited to, statements regarding qualitative assessments of available data, potential benefits, expectations for ongoing clinical trials, anticipated regulatory filings and anticipated development timelines, which are subject to risks and uncertainties. We may, in some cases, use terms such as “predicts,” “believes,” “potential,” “proposed,” “continue,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “will,” “should,” or other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to numerous important factors, risks, and uncertainties that may cause actual events or results to differ materially from our current expectations, including, but not limited to, the risks that preliminary, interim and top-line clinical trial results may not be indicative of, and may differ from, final clinical data; the ability of OCU410ST to perform in humans in a manner consistent with nonclinical, preclinical or previous clinical study data; that unfavorable new clinical trial data may emerge in ongoing clinical trials or through further analyses of existing clinical trial data; that earlier non-clinical and clinical data and testing of may not be predictive of the results or success of later clinical trials; and that that clinical trial data are subject to differing interpretations and assessments, including by regulatory authorities. These and other risks and uncertainties are more fully described in our periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including the risk factors described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the quarterly and annual reports that we file with the SEC. Any forward-looking statements that we make in this press release speak only as of the date of this press release. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements contained in this press release whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, after the date of this press release.
ATLANTA, GA – March 31, 2026 (NEWMEDIAWIRE) – GeoVax Labs, Inc. (Nasdaq: GOVX), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious diseases and cancer, today announced its entry into a warrant inducement agreement with existing healthcare-focused institutional investors of the Company for the immediate exercise of existing warrants (the “Existing Warrants”) to purchase up to 634,658 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”) at a reduced exercise price of $1.36 for gross cash proceeds of approximately $863,000, before deducting financial advisor fees and other transaction expenses. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering for working capital and other general corporate purposes.
In consideration for the immediate exercise in full of the Existing Warrants, the investor will receive, in a private placement, new unregistered warrants to purchase up to 1,269,316 shares of Common Stock (the “New Warrants”). The New Warrants will have an exercise price of $1.36, will be initially exercisable on the date that shareholder approval of the issuance of the New Warrants is obtained (the “Approval Date”), and will expire five (5) years following the Approval Date. The closing of the warrant inducement transaction is expected to occur on or about April 1, 2026, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions.
The private placement of the New Warrants and the shares of Common Stock underlying the New Warrants offered to the institutional investor will be made in reliance on an exemption from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Accordingly, the securities issued in the Concurrent Private Placement may not be offered or sold in the United States except pursuant to an effective registration statement or an applicable exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act and such applicable state securities laws.
This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any of the securities in this Offering, nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state or other jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to the registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or other jurisdiction.
About GeoVax
GeoVax Labs, Inc. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development of vaccines and immunotherapies addressing high-consequence infectious diseases and solid tumor cancers. GeoVax’s priority program is GEO-MVA, a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)–based vaccine targeting mpox and smallpox. The program is advancing under an expedited regulatory pathway, with plans to initiate a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in the second half of 2026, to address critical global needs for expanded orthopoxvirus vaccine supply and biodefense preparedness. In oncology, GeoVax is developing Gedeptin(R), a gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) designed to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor activity. Gedeptin has completed a multicenter Phase 1/2 clinical trial in advanced head and neck cancer and is being advanced into combination strategies, including planned neoadjuvant and first-line settings. GeoVax’s broader pipeline includes the development of GEO-CM04S1, a next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate being evaluated in immunocompromised and other patient populations. GeoVax maintains a global intellectual property portfolio supporting its infectious disease and oncology programs and continues to evaluate strategic partnerships and funding opportunities aligned with its development priorities. For more information, visit www.geovax.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This release contains forward-looking statements regarding GeoVax’s business plans. The words “believe,” “look forward to,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. Actual results may differ materially from those included in these statements due to a variety of factors, including whether: GeoVax is able to obtain acceptable results from ongoing or future clinical trials of its investigational products, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines can provoke the desired responses, and those products or vaccines can be used effectively, GeoVax’s viral vector technology adequately amplifies immune responses to cancer antigens, GeoVax can develop and manufacture its immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines with the desired characteristics in a timely manner, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines will be safe for human use, GeoVax’s vaccines will effectively prevent targeted infections in humans, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines will receive regulatory approvals necessary to be licensed and marketed, GeoVax raises required capital to complete development, there is development of competitive products that may be more effective or easier to use than GeoVax’s products, GeoVax will be able to enter into favorable manufacturing and distribution agreements, and other factors, over which GeoVax has no control.
Further information on our risk factors is contained in our periodic reports on Form 10-Q and Form 10-K that we have filed and will file with the SEC. Any forward-looking statement made by us herein speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.
Phase 1b norovirus challenge study is underway at Emory University School of Medicine
CDI-988 is the first oral antiviral candidate being developed for norovirus treatment and prevention
No approved treatments or vaccines are available for norovirus infection, posing a significant unmet need and contributing to a global economic burden of $60 billion annually
BOTHELL, Wash., March 31, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (Nasdaq: COCP) (“Cocrystal” or the “Company”) reports financial results for the year ended December 31, 2025, and provides updates on its antiviral product pipeline, upcoming milestones and business activities.
“We are delighted to report that our norovirus human challenge study evaluating efficacy and safety of CDI‑988 is underway at Emory University School of Medicine. In our first cohort, healthy subjects are being inoculated with the GII.2 (Snow Mountain Virus) strain under highly controlled conditions,” said Sam Lee, Ph.D., President and co‑CEO of Cocrystal.
“Norovirus remains a significant and underserved market. Developing an effective norovirus antiviral or vaccine has been challenging due to the high genetic and antigenic diversity of norovirus and lack of simple in vitro cell-based assays and animal model system,” Dr. Lee continued. “Using our proprietary structure‑based drug discovery platform technology, we developed CDI‑988 as a direct‑acting, oral antiviral that targets a highly conserved region of the viral 3CL protease found in all known norovirus strains. As a pan-viral 3CL protease inhibitor, CDI‑988 also holds potential as a broad‑spectrum antiviral effective against coronaviruses.”
“Norovirus outbreaks can strike at any time of year in semi-closed environments such as cruise ships, military settings, and healthcare and assisted-living facilities,” said James Martin, Cocrystal’s CFO and co-CEO. “This constant threat underscores the need for an effective oral treatment and preventive that can be deployed whenever and wherever norovirus infections emerge. With CDI-988, our goal is to provide an easy-to-administer, safe and effective drug to combat these unpredictable outbreaks. We believe CDI‑988 represents a key value-creating opportunity for our Company and our investors.”
The Phase 1b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study will enroll up to 40 subjects. The study’s primary endpoint is efficacy in reducing the incidence of clinical symptoms; secondary endpoints include reduction of viral shedding and disease severity, and safety and pharmacokinetic profiles.
Antiviral Product Pipeline Overview
We leverage our innovative structure-based drug discovery platform technology to develop next-generation, broad-spectrum antivirals that effectively block viral replication. Unlike other drug discovery approaches, our technology identifies compounds that bind to highly conserved regions of viral drug targets, including proteases and replication enzymes. By specifically targeting these essential viral functions, our drug candidates maintain efficacy even as viruses mutate, while simultaneously minimizing off-target interactions that typically lead to adverse side effects. This dual advantage represents a significant breakthrough in antiviral drug development. In addition, our innovative methodology fundamentally transforms the conventional drug discovery paradigm by eliminating the inefficient, resource-intensive cycles of high-throughput compound screening and prolonged hit-to-lead optimization. The result is faster identification of promising candidates with superior resistance profiles and safety characteristics.
Norovirus Program Norovirus is a common, highly contagious virus that afflicts people of all ages and causes symptoms of acute gastroenteritis including nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea, as well as fatigue, fever and dehydration. There are currently no effective treatments or vaccines for norovirus, and the ability to curtail outbreaks is inadequate.
Oral protease inhibitor CDI-988 for the treatment of noroviruses and coronaviruses: Our novel, broad-spectrum 3CL protease inhibitor CDI-988 is designed as a potential treatment for noroviruses and coronaviruses. CDI-988 has shown in vitro activity against multiple norovirus strains.
In April 2025 we announced that CDI-988 showed superior broad-spectrum antiviral activity against the norovirus GII.17 strain, the most prevalent strain in the U.S. and Europe in 2024-2025.
In August 2025 we presented favorable Phase 1 safety and tolerability data from all CDI-988 doses, including a high-dose 1200 mg cohort, at the 2025 Military Health System Research Symposium (MHSRS).
In September 2025 we discussed CDI-988’s scientific foundation and clinical progress in an oral presentation at the 9th International Calicivirus Conference, the leading calicivirus scientific meeting.
In September 2025 we received a Study May Proceed Letter from the FDA to conduct a Phase 1b challenge study in the U.S. evaluating CDI-988 as a norovirus preventive and treatment.
In March 2026 we enrolled the first subjects in our Phase 1b challenge study with the initial cohort evaluating the infectivity rate of the GII.2 challenge inoculum, and subsequent cohorts to be orally administered CDI-988 or placebo.
Influenza Programs Influenza is a major global health threat that may become more challenging to treat due to the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and resistance to approved influenza antivirals. Currently approved antiviral treatments for influenza are effective but are burdened with significant viral resistance.
CC-42344 is our novel PB2 inhibitor that showed excellent in vitro activity against pandemic and seasonal influenza A strains, as well as against strains that are resistant to Tamiflu® and Xofluza®.
Oral CC-42344 as a treatment for pandemic and seasonal influenza A
In December 2022 we reported favorable Phase 1 safety and tolerability results.
In December 2023 we began a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2a human challenge study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and viral and clinical measurements of CC-42344 in influenza A-infected subjects in the United Kingdom, following authorization from the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.
In May 2025 we reported that CC-42344 was shown to be active against the highly pathogenic 2024 Texas H5N1 avian influenza strain.
In November 2025 an initial Phase 2a study was completed, with CC-42344 showing a favorable safety and tolerability profile with no serious adverse events and no drug-related discontinuations by study participants. Efficacy analyses were not reported due to issues with trial conduct.
We plan to continue development of oral CC-42344 as a treatment for pandemic and seasonal influenza A with an additional Phase 2a study.
Inhaled CC-42344 as prophylaxis and treatment for pandemic and seasonal influenza A
Our preclinical testing showed superior pulmonary pharmacology with CC-42344, including high exposure to drug and a long half-life.
We have developed a dry powder inhalation formulation and have completed toxicology studies.
Influenza A/B program
In October 2025 we received a $500,000 Small Business Innovation Research Phase I award from the NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to support the development of a novel, broad-spectrum lead candidate targeting the influenza A/B polymerase complex.
SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronavirus Program By targeting viral replication enzymes and proteases, we believe it is possible to develop effective treatments for all diseases caused by coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. CDI-988 showed potent in vitro pan-viral activity against common human coronaviruses, rhinoviruses and respiratory enteroviruses, as well as against noroviruses. By the end of 2031, the global COVID-19 therapeutics market is estimated to exceed $16 billion annually.
Oral protease inhibitor CDI-988 for the treatment of coronaviruses and noroviruses: CDI-988 exhibited superior in vitro potency against SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated a favorable safety profile and pharmacokinetic properties.
In August 2025 we presented favorable safety and tolerability Phase 1 data from all CDI-988 doses, including a high-dose 1200 mg cohort, at the MHSRS.
We are currently pursuing further development of CDI-988 as a prophylaxis and treatment for norovirus and remain optimistic about its viability as a treatment for coronaviruses.
2025 Financial Results
Research and development expenses for 2025 were $5.1 million compared with $12.5 million for 2024, with the decrease primarily due to lower costs with the winddown of the Phase 2a influenza study and reduction in employee-related expenses. General and administrative expenses for 2025 were $4.0 million compared with $5.3 million for 2024, with the decrease primarily due to a reduction in compensation, insurance and corporate expenses.
Net loss for 2025 was $8.8 million, or $0.78 per share, compared with a net loss for 2024 of $17.5 million, or $1.72 per share.
Cocrystal reported unrestricted cash as of December 31, 2025, of $7.7 million compared with $9.9 million as of December 31, 2024. Net cash used in operating activities for 2025 was $8.2 million compared with $16.5 million for 2024. The Company had working capital of $5.9 million and 11.3 million common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025.
About Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.
Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company discovering and developing novel antiviral therapeutics that target the replication process of noroviruses, influenza viruses, coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) and hepatitis C viruses. Cocrystal employs unique structure-based technologies and Nobel Prize-winning expertise to create viable antiviral drugs. For further information about Cocrystal, please visit www.cocrystalpharma.com.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding our plans for the future development of preclinical and clinical product candidates, the and the potential characteristics and benefits of and market for our product candidates. The words “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events. Some or all of the events anticipated by these forward-looking statements may not occur. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ from those in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks and uncertainties arising from inflation, affordability, a deteriorating labor market, the possibility of recession, increases or other developments with respect to interest rates, uncertainty surrounding the impacts arising from imposed and threatened tariffs and developments with respect thereto, and wars and geopolitical conflicts including those in the Middle East and Ukraine on our Company, our collaboration partners, and on the U.S. and global economies, including manufacturing and research delays arising from raw materials and labor shortages, supply chain disruptions and other business interruptions including any adverse impacts on our ability to obtain raw materials and test animals as well as similar problems with our vendors and our current and any future CROs and CMOs, the progress and results of the studies for CC-42344 and CDI-988 including issues with the initial Phase 2a study for CC-42344 which will prolong the development timeline of such product candidate, the ability of our CROs to recruit volunteers for, and to proceed with, clinical studies, our and our collaboration partners’ technology and software performing as expected, financial difficulties experienced by certain partners, the results of future preclinical and clinical trials, general risks arising from clinical trials, receipt of regulatory approvals, regulatory changes including based on initiatives and actions taken by the Trump Administration which could, among other things, result in delays in regulatory approvals or limit access to federal funding for our programs, development of effective treatments and/or vaccines by competitors, including as part of the programs financed by the U.S. government, and potential mutations in a virus we are targeting which may result in variants that are resistant to a product candidate we develop. Further information on our risk factors is contained in our filings with the SEC, including the “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Any forward-looking statement made by us herein speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.
Nutriband has selected the commercial worldwide brand name for its lead product, an abuse deterrent fentanyl transdermal system, and will submit to the FDA for approval per FDA Guidance.
Nutriband partnered with Brand Institute, Inc, the global leader in pharmaceutical and healthcare-related brand name and identity development.
ORLANDO, Fla., March 30, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Nutriband Inc. (NASDAQ:NTRB)(NASDAQ:NTRBW), a company engaged in the development of prescription transdermal pharmaceutical products, today announced that it has selected the commercial worldwide brand name candidate for its lead product, an abuse deterrent fentanyl transdermal system. The proposed brand name and product labeling will be submitted to the FDA and other international regulatory agencies for review and approval. In addition, the selected name is being submitted to the United States Patent and Trademark Office for trademark registration and to secure full intellectual property rights in the United States and internationally.
The company engaged Brand Institute, Inc, the global leader in pharmaceutical and healthcare-related brand name and identity development services to develop the worldwide commercial brand name and visual identity for the product. This product utilizes Nutriband’s AVERSA™ abuse deterrent transdermal technology and has the potential to be the world’s first abuse-deterrent patch designed to deter the abuse and misuse and reduce the risk of accidental exposure of transdermal fentanyl.
Nutriband’s abuse deterrent fentanyl transdermal system has the potential to reach peak annual US sales of $80 million to $200 million.1 While initially concentrating on the US market, the unmet medical need for adequate pain management is a global problem, and the product is in development for all major medical markets worldwide.
Developing a proprietary brand name for a prescription drug product is a critical element in drug product development because the end users (doctors, pharmacists, patients) must be able to easily distinguish a proprietary name from other drug names that are phonetically similar (sound-alike names) or similar in their spelling or appearance (look-alike names). In addition, if the drug name is otherwise confusing or misleading, the patient might receive the wrong product and the subsequent medication error could lead to significant harm to the patient.
Brand Institute has been leading the market for over 20 years with a 75% share of drug name approvals globally, including 87% of FDA approved names in 2024. In addition, Brand Institute has been responsible for many of the opioid chronic pain product brand names and specifically a majority of the abuse deterrent opioid product brand names approved by FDA for sale in the United States.
Drug Safety Institute (DSI), a wholly owned regulatory subsidiary of Brand Institute, will provide regulatory services, solutions and support on the project. DSI is led by former officials from US Food & Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Health Canada (HC), United States Adopted Name Council (USAN), and World Health Organization (WHO) who co-authored the naming guidance documents while with their former respective agencies.
Nutriband’s AVERSA™ abuse-deterrent technology is utilized to incorporate aversive agents into transdermal patches to prevent the abuse, diversion, misuse, and accidental exposure of drugs with abuse potential including opioids and stimulants. The AVERSA™ abuse deterrent technology is protected by a broad international intellectual property portfolio with patents issued in 46 countries including the United States, Europe, Japan, Korea, Russia, China, Canada, Mexico, and Australia.
1 Health Advances Aversa Fentanyl market analysis report 2022
About AVERSA™ Abuse-Deterrent Transdermal Technology
Nutriband’s AVERSA™ abuse-deterrent transdermal technology incorporates aversive agents into transdermal patches to prevent the abuse, diversion, misuse, and accidental exposure of drugs with abuse potential. The AVERSA™ abuse-deterrent technology has the potential to improve the safety profile of transdermal drugs susceptible to abuse, such as fentanyl, while making sure that these drugs remain accessible to those patients who really need them. The technology is covered by a broad intellectual property portfolio with patents granted in the United States, Europe, Japan, Korea, Russia, China, Canada, Mexico, and Australia.
About Nutriband, Inc.
We are primarily engaged in the development of a portfolio of transdermal pharmaceutical products. Our lead product under development is an abuse-deterrent fentanyl patch incorporating our AVERSA™ abuse-deterrent technology. AVERSA™ technology can be incorporated into any transdermal patch to prevent the abuse, misuse, diversion, and accidental exposure of drugs with abuse potential.
The Company’s website is www.nutriband.com. Any material contained in or derived from the Company’s websites or any other website is not part of this press release.
About Brand Institute, Inc., and wholly owned regulatory subsidiary, Drug Safety Institute
Brand Institute is the global leader in pharmaceutical and healthcare-related name development, with a portfolio of over 5,000 marketed healthcare brand names and 1,800 USAN/INN nonproprietary names for nearly 1,600 clients. The company partners on over 75% of pharmaceutical brand and nonproprietary name approvals globally every year with healthcare manufacturers. Drug Safety Institute is composed of former naming regulatory officials from global government health agencies, including Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Health Canada (HC), American Medical Association (AMA), and the World Health Organization (WHO). These regulatory experts co-authored the name review guidelines while with their former respective agencies, with many responsible for ultimately approving (or rejecting) brand name applications to ensure safety and prevent medication errors. To learn more about Brand Institute’s capabilities and experience, please visit www.brandinstitute.com and contact your local Brand Institute representative.
Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements contained in this press release, including, without limitation, statements containing the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects” and words of similar import, constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements involve both known and unknown risks and uncertainties. The Company’s actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in its forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those including the Company’s ability to develop its proposed abuse-deterrent fentanyl transdermal system and other proposed products, its ability to obtain patent protection for its abuse technology, its ability to obtain the necessary financing to develop products and conduct the necessary clinical testing, its ability to obtain Federal Food and Drug Administration approval to market any product it may develop in the United States and to obtain any other regulatory approval necessary to market any product in other countries, including countries in Europe, its ability to market any product it may develop, its ability to create, sustain, manage or forecast its growth; its ability to attract and retain key personnel; changes in the Company’s business strategy or development plans; competition; business disruptions; adverse publicity and international, national and local general economic and market conditions and risks generally associated with an undercapitalized developing company, as well as the risks contained under “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s Form S-1, Forms 10-K’s and Forms 10-Q’s, and the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date hereof.
Nutriband is a registered trademark of Nutriband, Inc. AVERSA is a trademark of Nutriband, Inc.
Brand Institute and Drug Safety Institute are registered trademarks of Brand Institute, Inc.
2025 marked transition of PrimeC into a late-stage clinical asset with FDA-cleared Phase 3 program in ALS
Statistically significant survival benefit demonstrated, including 65% reduction in risk of death and >14-month median survival advantage
Results published in JAMA Neurology, providing high-level peer-reviewed validation of clinical and biological activity
Advancing toward key regulatory milestones with planned pre-NDS meeting in Canada and near-term Alzheimer’s readout
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., March 31, 2026 /PRNewswire/ — NeuroSense Therapeutics Ltd. (Nasdaq: NRSN) (“NeuroSense” or the “Company”), a late-stage clinical biotechnology company developing treatments for severe neurodegenerative diseases, today reported its financial results for the year ended December 31, 2025 and provided a business update.
“2025 was a transformational year for NeuroSense, as we advanced PrimeC from a successful Phase 2b program into a late-stage clinical asset with a clear regulatory path forward,” said Alon Ben-Noon, Chief Executive Officer of NeuroSense. “As we entered 2026, we further strengthened our clinical and scientific foundation with statistically significant survival data and publication of our results in JAMA Neurology. Together, these milestones position PrimeC as a differentiated therapeutic candidate with the potential to meaningfully impact people with ALS and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.”
Business Highlights from 2025
2025 marked a transformative year for NeuroSense, as the Company advanced PrimeC from a successful Phase 2b program into a late-stage clinical asset with a clearly defined regulatory and development pathway. Results from the Phase 2b PARADIGM study demonstrated approximately 33% slowing in disease progression over 18 months, alongside a substantial reduction in ALS-related complications. During the year, NeuroSense further strengthened its data package through additional biomarker analyses, including microRNA data, supporting the biological activity of PrimeC, supporting PrimeC’s potential as a disease-modifying therapy.
The Company also completed commercial-scale manufacturing and advanced its regulatory strategy, including engagement with Health Canada and ongoing partnership discussions.
Importantly, in November 2025, NeuroSense received FDA clearance to initiate the PARAGON Phase 3 trial in ALS, marking a key inflection point in the Company’s development trajectory.
NeuroSense also reported early signals of biological activity and statistically significant reductions in key biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease, supporting broader potential across neurodegenerative diseases.
Recent Developments and First Quarter 2026 Highlights
Since the beginning of 2026, NeuroSense has continued to strengthen PrimeC’s position through significant clinical and scientific milestones. The Company reported statistically significant survival data from its Phase 2b study, demonstrating a 65% reduction in the risk of death and a greater than 14-month median survival benefit.
Further reinforcing the strength of its clinical package, results from the PARADIGM trial were published in JAMA Neurology, highlighting meaningful clinical outcomes and biological activity, including biomarker changes consistent with the proposed mechanism of action.
NeuroSense also expanded its scientific visibility through presentations at leading international conferences and strengthened its intellectual property portfolio with newly granted patents in the United States and internationally. In addition, the Company enhanced its Scientific Advisory Board with leading experts to support continued development in ALS and Alzheimer’s disease.
Upcoming Expected Milestones
Additional biomarkers readouts from PARADIGM
Readouts from the Phase 2 Alzheimer’s study
Planned pre-NDS meeting with Health Canada in May 2026
Potential NDS submission in Canada, subject to regulatory feedback
Continued preparation for initiation of the Phase 3 PARAGON trial in ALS
Financial Results
Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $6.2 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The increase of $0.5 million, or 8.8%, was mainly attributed to an increase in share-based payment expenses and increase in our salaries and social benefits expenses which were partly offset by a decrease of our expenses to subcontractors and consultants.
General and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $4.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively. The increase of $0.7 million, or 16.6%, was mainly attributed to an increase in share-based compensation.
As of December 31, 2025, NeuroSense had cash of approximately $0.2 million.
A summary of NeuroSense’s consolidated financial results is included in the tables below.
A copy of the Company’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025 has been filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission at https://www.sec.gov/ and posted on the Company’s investor relations website at https://neurosense.investorroom.com/sec-filings. The Company will deliver a hard copy of its annual report, including its complete audited financial statements, free of charge, to its shareholders upon request at ir@neurosense-tx.com.
About NeuroSense
NeuroSense Therapeutics, Ltd. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on discovering and developing treatments for patients suffering from debilitating neurodegenerative diseases. NeuroSense believes that these diseases, which include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, among others, represent one of the most significant unmet medical needs of our time, with limited effective therapeutic options available for patients to date. Due to the complexity of neurodegenerative diseases and based on strong scientific research on a large panel of related biomarkers, NeuroSense’s strategy is to develop combined therapies targeting multiple pathways associated with these diseases.
For additional information, we invite you to visit our website and follow us on LinkedIn, YouTube and X. Information that may be important to investors may be routinely posted on our website and these social media channels.
About PrimeC
PrimeC, NeuroSense’s lead drug candidate, is a novel extended-release oral formulation composed of a unique fixed-dose combination of two FDA-approved drugs: ciprofloxacin and celecoxib. PrimeC is designed to synergistically target several key mechanisms of ALS and AD, that contribute to neuron degeneration, inflammation, iron accumulation and impaired ribonucleic acid (“RNA”) regulation to potentially inhibit the progression of ALS and AD.
About ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (“ALS”) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that causes complete paralysis and death within 2-5 years from diagnosis. Every year, more than 5,000 people are diagnosed with ALS in the U.S. alone, with an annual disease burden of $1 billion. The number of people living with ALS is expected to grow by 24% by 2040 in the U.S. and EU.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains “forward-looking statements” that are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, contained in this press release are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements contained in this press release may be identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “seek,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “aim,” “should,” “will” “would,” or the negative of these words or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements are based on NeuroSense Therapeutics’ current expectations and are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and assumptions that are difficult to predict and include statements regarding the timing of regulatory filings, reporting of data, meetings and regulatory decisions. Further, certain forward-looking statements, including statements regarding future development of PrimeC, are based on assumptions as to future events that may not prove to be accurate. The future events and trends may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward looking statements. These risks include the uncertainty regarding the timing of regulatory filings, meetings and regulatory decisions; outcomes and the timing of current and future clinical trials; the risk the PrimeC will not advance towards later-stage development, timing for reporting data, including from the study of PrimeC in Alzheimer’s disease; that the study will not be successful; the ability of NeuroSense to remain listed on Nasdaq; and other risks and uncertainties set forth in NeuroSense’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). You should not rely on these statements as representing our views in the future. More information about the risks and uncertainties affecting NeuroSense is contained under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2026 and NeuroSense’s subsequent filings with the SEC. Forward-looking statements contained in this announcement are made as of this date, and NeuroSense undertakes no duty to update such information except as required under applicable law.
TNX-4800 is a long-acting anti-Borrelia burgdorferi OspA human monoclonal antibody in development as a single-dose Lyme prophylactic
Phase 1 study of TNX-4800 demonstrated safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics supportive of approximately four months protection
Company expects to initiate a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive Phase 2 field study in the first half of 2027, pending FDA clearance
BERKELEY HEIGHTS, N.J., March 31, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. (Nasdaq: TNXP) (“Tonix” or the “Company”), a fully integrated, commercial biotechnology company, announced Phase 1 data of TNX-4800 (formerly known as mAb 2217LS)1,2 was presented by Mark S. Klempner, MD, professor of medicine at UMass Chan Medical School, an inventor of TNX-4800 and principal investigator of the study, on March 30, 2026, at the World Vaccine Congress Washington 2026. Tonix also announced its planned strategy for an adaptive Phase 2 field study expected to initiate in the first half of 2027, pending FDA clearance.
TNX-4800 is a long-acting borreliacidal (or bactericidal), human monoclonal antibody (mAb) with an engineered crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain for an extended half-life that targets the outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes 99.9% of Lyme disease cases in the U.S.3,4 Tonix is developing TNX-4800, which the Company in-licensed from UMass Chan Medical School in 2025, as a prophylactic that is administered in a single subcutaneous (SC) dose expected to provide approximately four months protection to people in endemic areas during the U.S. tick season. There are currently no marketed U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines or prophylactics to protect against Lyme disease.
“TNX-4800 is expected to provide a preventative option to the 87 million5 people in the United States who are at high risk of contracting the disease because they live, work, or vacation in a tick-endemic area,” said Seth Lederman, MD, Chief Executive Officer of Tonix Pharmaceuticals. “As a monoclonal antibody, we believe TNX-4800 offers significant advantages over vaccines in development. Lyme disease vaccines that elicit antibodies to OspA currently in development take more than six months to offer protection and require complex immunization schedules. A previously approved anti-OspA vaccine was withdrawn due to poor uptake,6 potentially relating to its complex immunization schedule.”
Dr. Lederman continued, “TNX-4800, targeting Borrelia burgdorferi, the serotype that causes 99.9% of Lyme disease in the U.S., is a single dose subcutaneous administration that potentially offers immunity within two days for a duration of approximately four months. We believe TNX-4800’s differentiating characteristics could offer meaningful improvements for people seeking protection from Lyme disease. We believe the Phase 1 pharmacokinetic (PK) data support our plan to conduct an adaptive field study in the first half of 2027, pending FDA clearance, in which protection at four months is the primary endpoint, and protection at six months is a key secondary endpoint.”
Phase 1 Results
“Our study demonstrated potentially protective blood levels of TNX-4800 at two days, with protective blood levels sustained for at least four months due to its extended half-life design,” said Dr. Klempner. “Additionally, with its differentiated mechanism of action, TNX-4800 has the potential to provide passive immunity by directly supplying neutralizing antibodies, bypassing the need for a vaccine to induce a patient’s immune system to generate its own antibodies, which can be associated with other issues. We look forward to further clinical investigation of TNX-4800 as we strive to overcome this major public health challenge.”
The primary objective of the Phase 1 study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a SC injection of TNX-4800 when administered to healthy male and female subjects ages 19-65 years old. The secondary objective was to evaluate the PK of a SC dose of TNX-4800 when administered to healthy subjects. 44 subjects were enrolled, with 41 subjects completing the study. Subjects received a single SC administration of placebo or TNX-4800 at 0.5, 1.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg.
Results showed no significant clinical or laboratory safety signals, with most adverse events mild or moderate. Peak serum concentration (Cmax) increased by ~25-fold for a 20-times increase in dose. Serum TNX-4800 was measurable at earliest sampling time of two days, indicating rapid systemic absorption. TNX-4800 levels remained quantifiable for >200 days in 80% of subjects at the lowest dose, and for up to 350 days in the majority of subjects at higher doses (i.e., ≥ 1.5 mg/kg). The mean half-life ranged from 62-69 days across TNX-4800 cohorts. Serum concentrations were quantifiable for up to 12 months in most subjects.
Mean exposure for the 10 mg/kg cohort had <17% of the highest exposures in a nonclinical toxicology study.
The maximum half-life ranged from 81-104 days, with the 10mg/kg cohort at 97 days and 5mg/kg cohort at 87 days.
In the 5mg/kg dose cohort, mean serum TNX-4800 concentration was approximately 10 μg/ml at four months, which was approximately twice the minimum effective concentration, or MEC, calculated from in vitro bactericidal activity, and approximately the MEC from in vitro tick-feeding experiments. These data support Tonix’s planned evaluation of protection at four months as the proposed primary endpoint.
Adaptive Phase 2 Field Study Plans
Pending FDA clearance, the Company plans to initiate an adaptive field study in the first half of 2027. TNX-4800 will be studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive Phase 2 field study to evaluate the efficacy of a single SC dose of TNX-4800, 350 mg, in preventing the first occurrence of confirmed Lyme disease during the primary efficacy surveillance period (Day 3 through Month 4 following administration). Based on the Phase 1 PK data, a fixed dose of 350 mg was selected for the Phase 2 field study, which is expected to provide exposures comparable to the 5 mg/kg dose evaluated in Phase 1. Participants will include adolescents and adults 16 to 65 years of age in Lyme-endemic areas in the U.S. The primary endpoint will be the prevention of Lyme disease at four months (comparison of TNX-4800 group and placebo group). A key secondary endpoint will be the prevention of Lyme disease at six months (comparison of TNX-4800 and placebo).
The Company expects to have GMP investigational product available for clinical testing in early 2027. Additionally, if necessary and pending FDA clearance, the Company plans to initiate a controlled human infection model (CHIM) study in 2028.
A copy of Dr. Klempner’s World Vaccine Congress Washington 2026 presentation is available under the Scientific Presentations tab on the Tonix website at https://www.tonixpharma.com/scientific-presentations. The Company’s TNX-4800 specific presentation can be found under the Presentations tab on the Investors section of the Tonix website at https://ir.tonixpharma.com/presentations.
About TNX-4800 TNX-4800 (formerly known as mAb 2217LS) is a long-acting borreliacidal (or bactericidal), human monoclonal antibody with an engineered extended half-life that targets the outer-surface protein A (OspA) on Lyme-causing Borrelia bacteria. When TNX-4800-containing blood is ingested by the tick, TNX-4800 kills and blocks the maturation of Borrelia burgdorferi in the mid-gut of infected deer ticks. The Company in-licensed TNX-4800 from UMass Chan Medical School in 2025. Published work in animals showed that TNX-4800 was 95% effective at preventing infection of non-human primates after six days of exposure to ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi.1 TNX-4800 was derived from mAb 2217 by amino acid substitutions in its Fc domain, which serve to prolong the serum half-life. A single administration is designed to potentially provide immunity against Lyme disease within two days and maintain protective antibody levels for approximately four months, without relying on the recipient’s immune system to generate antibodies. TNX-4800 also avoids the multidose priming schedules required for OspA vaccines in development7 and the FDA-approved vaccine that was withdrawn from the market.8
About the TNX-4800 Phase 1 Study TNX-4800 was studied in a randomized, double-blind, sequential dose-escalation study (NCT04863287) that evaluated safety, tolerability, PK, and immunogenicity of TNX-4800 in healthy adults. 44 subjects were randomized, and 41 completed the study. Subjects received a single SC administration of placebo or TNX-4800 at 0.5, 1.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg. Safety was assessed via clinical and lab evaluations. Drug exposure increased by approximately 25 times for a 20-times increase in dose. Serum TNX-4800 was measurable at the earliest sampling time of two days, indicating rapid systemic absorption. TNX-4800 concentrations remained quantifiable for >200 days in 80% of volunteers at the lowest dose and for up to 350 days in the majority of volunteers at higher doses (i.e., ≥ 1.5 mg/kg). Mean half-life ranged from 62-69 days across groups. Serum concentrations remained quantifiable for up to 12 months in most subjects. Mean exposure for the 10 mg/kg cohort was less than 17% of the highest exposures in a rat toxicology study. Anti-drug antibodies were detected in <10% of treated subjects, with no impact on PK. Most adverse events were mild or moderate. TNX-4800 was determined to be generally safe and well tolerated.
About Lyme Disease In the United States, Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme disease remains the most common vector-borne infection in the United States, and its incidence is climbing each year, due in part to global changes in climate expanding the habitat range for ticks.9 It occurs most commonly in the Northeast, mid-Atlantic, and upper-Midwest regions. Lyme disease bacteria are transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, heart, and nervous system. Laboratory testing is helpful if used correctly and performed with FDA-cleared tests. Although many cases of Lyme disease can be treated successfully with antibiotics, diagnosis and treatment are often delayed or missed. Chronic Lyme is considered an Infection Associated Chronic Illness (IACI), and is a chronic, debilitating disease state characterized by joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and other symptoms.10
Citations 1Schiller ZA, et al. J Clin Invest. 2021 131(11):e144843. 2Wang Y, et al. J Infect Dis. 2016. 214(2):205-11. 3Marques AR, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021. 27(8):2017-2024. 4Pritt BS, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016. 6(5):556-564. 5Kugeler KJ, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021. 27(2):616-619. 6 Nigrovic LE, et al. Epidemiol Infect. 2006. Aug 8;135(1):1-8. 7Comstedt P, et al. Vaccine. 2015 33(44):5982-8. 8Connaught’s (ImuLyme™) and SmithKline Beecham’s (LYMErix™) Lyme disease vaccines were withdrawn. Nigrovic LE, et al. Epidemiol Infect. 2007 135(1):1-8. 9Gomes-Solecki M, et. al. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 70(8):1768-1773. 10National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Charting a Path Toward New Treatments for Lyme Infection-Associated Chronic Illnesses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/28578.
Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. Tonix Pharmaceuticals* is a fully-integrated, commercial-stage biotechnology company focused on central nervous system (CNS) and immunology treatments in areas of high unmet medical need. TONMYA® (cyclobenzaprine HCl sublingual tablets 2.8 mg), is the first new treatment for fibromyalgia in adults in more than 15 years. Tonix’s CNS commercial infrastructure supports its marketed products, including its acute migraine products, Zembrace® SymTouch® (sumatriptan injection 3 mg) and Tosymra® (sumatriptan nasal spray 10 mg). Tonix is investigating TONMYA® in Phase 2 clinical trials to evaluate its potential in major depressive disorder and acute stress disorder/acute stress reaction. In addition, the Company’s CNS portfolio includes TNX-2900 (intranasal oxytocin), which is Phase 2 ready for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare disease. Tonix is also advancing a pipeline of immunology programs, including TNX-4800, a Phase 2 ready long-acting human anti-Borrelia OspA monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the prevention of Lyme disease in the U.S., and TNX-1500, a Phase 2 ready third-generation CD40 ligand inhibitor for the prevention of kidney transplant rejection. To learn more, visit www.tonixpharma.com and follow the Company on LinkedIn and X.
*Tonix’s product development candidates are investigational new drugs or biologics; their efficacy and safety have not been established and have not been approved for any indication.
Zembrace SymTouch and Tosymra are registered trademarks of Tonix Medicines. TONMYA is a registered trademark of Tonix Pharma Limited. All other marks are property of their respective owners.
About UMass Chan Medical School UMass Chan Medical School, one of five campuses of the University of Massachusetts system, comprises the T.H. Chan School of Medicine, the Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, the Tan Chingfen Graduate School of Nursing, ForHealth Consulting at UMass Chan Medical School, MassBiologics, and a thriving Nobel-Prize-winning biomedical research enterprise. UMass Chan is advancing together to improve the health and wellness of our diverse communities throughout Massachusetts and across the world by leading and innovating in education, research, health care delivery and public service. It is ranked among the best medical schools in the nation for primary care education and biomedical research by U.S. News & World Report. Learn more at www.umassmed.edu.
Forward Looking Statements Certain statements in this press release are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including those relating to the completion of the offering, the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, the intended use of proceeds from the offering and other statements that are predictive in nature. These statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “expect,” and “intend,” among others. There are a number of factors that could cause actual events to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, risks related to the failure to successfully launch and commercialize TONMYA® and any of our approved products; risks related to the failure to obtain FDA clearances or approvals and noncompliance with FDA regulations; risks related to the timing and progress of clinical development of our product candidates; our need for additional financing; uncertainties of patent protection and litigation; uncertainties of government or third party payor reimbursement; limited research and development efforts and dependence upon third parties; and substantial competition. As with any pharmaceutical under development, there are significant risks in the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of new products. Tonix does not undertake an obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement. Investors should read the risk factors set in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, as filed with the SEC on March 12, 2026, and periodic reports filed with the SEC on or after the date thereof. Tonix does not undertake an obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement. All of Tonix’s forward-looking statements are expressly qualified by all such risk factors and other cautionary statements. The information set forth herein speaks only as of the date thereof.
Oxylanthanum carbonate (OLC) New Drug Application (NDA) resubmission under review by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of June 29, 2026
Commercial readiness activities ongoing in anticipation of potential commercial launch of OLC in 3Q26
As of March 30, 2026 unaudited cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaled $54.9 million, with expected runway into 2027
LOS ALTOS, Calif., March 30, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Unicycive Therapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: UNCY), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing therapies for patients with kidney disease, today announced its financial results for the full year ended December 31, 2025, and provided a business update.
“This year is shaping up to be pivotal for Unicycive, underscored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s acceptance of our New Drug Application resubmission for OLC and the potential for approval and launch later this year,” said Shalabh Gupta, M.D., Chief Executive Officer of Unicycive. “With hyperphosphatemia still uncontrolled in nearly 75% of U.S. patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis, OLC, if approved, has the potential to offer a meaningful new treatment option characterized by a differentiated clinical profile and reduced pill burden compared to currently available phosphate binders.”
Key Highlights & Upcoming Milestones
In January 2026, the Company announced the FDA has accepted the resubmission of its NDA for OLC, an investigational oral phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with CKD on dialysis. The FDA set a PDUFA target action date of June 29, 2026. The NDA is supported by data from three clinical studies (a Phase 1 study in healthy volunteers, a bioequivalence study in healthy volunteers and a tolerability study in patients with CKD on dialysis), multiple preclinical studies and chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) data. The FDA did not raise any concerns regarding the preclinical, clinical or safety data for OLC included in the original NDA submission. The resubmission in December 2025 was based on the progress made by the third-party manufacturing vendor responsible for the drug product (Drug Product).
As part of Unicycive’s continued preparation to support a potential launch of OLC later this year, the Company is continuing to strengthen its commercial infrastructure and advance market readiness initiatives.
Financial Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2025
Research and Development (R&D) expenses were $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $20.0 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease in drug development as well as clinical trial costs.
General and Administrative (G&A) expenses were $20.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $12.1 million for the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase in consulting, professional services, and commercial launch preparation costs.
Other income was $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to Other expense of $4.6 million in the same period in 2024 due primarily to a decrease in the fair value of the Company’s warrant liability.
Net loss attributable to common stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $26.6 million, or $1.67 per share of common stock, compared to a net loss attributable to common stockholders of $37.8 million, or $5.65 per share of common stock for the same period in 2024. The decreased net loss for the year ended December 31, 2025, was attributable primarily to the decrease in drug development and clinical trial costs.
As of March 30, 2026 unaudited cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities totaled $54.9 million. The Company believes that it has sufficient resources to fund planned operations into 2027.
About Unicycive Therapeutics
Unicycive Therapeutics is a biotechnology company developing novel treatments for kidney diseases. Unicycive’s lead investigational treatment is oxylanthanum carbonate, a novel phosphate binding agent currently under review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease who are on dialysis. Unicycive’s second investigational treatment UNI-494 is intended for the treatment of conditions related to acute kidney injury. It has been granted orphan drug designation (ODD) by the FDA for the prevention of Delayed Graft Function (DGF) in kidney transplant patients and has completed a Phase 1 dose-ranging safety study in healthy volunteers. For more information, please visit Unicycive.com and follow us on LinkedIn and X.
Forward-looking statements
Certain statements in this press release are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be identified using words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “forecast,” “estimated” and “intend” or other similar terms or expressions that concern Unicycive’s expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. These forward-looking statements are based on Unicycive’s current expectations and actual results could differ materially. There are several factors that could cause actual events to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, clinical trials involve a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results; our clinical trials may be suspended or discontinued due to unexpected side effects or other safety risks that could preclude approval of our product candidates; our dependence on third parties for manufacturing; risks related to business interruptions, which could seriously harm our financial condition and increase our costs and expenses; dependence on key personnel; substantial competition; uncertainties of patent protection and litigation; dependence upon third parties; market acceptance of our products; and risks related to failure to obtain FDA clearances or approvals and noncompliance with FDA regulations. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including: the uncertainties related to market conditions and other factors described more fully in the section entitled ‘Risk Factors’ in Unicycive’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, and other periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date hereof, and Unicycive specifically disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Intranasal oxytocin blocks the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in animal models and is the core technology of TNX-1900 for craniofacial pain conditions, including migraine and trigeminal neuralgia
TNX-1900 will be studied in the trigeminal neurovascular reactivity model, by measuring the forehead skin blood flow response to capsaicin and electrical stimulation by Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI)
Oxytocin treatment affects a pathway distinct from the recently available CGRP migraine treatment drug class
BERKELEY HEIGHTS, N.J., March 26, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. (Nasdaq: TNXP), a fully integrated, commercial biotechnology company, today announced that the first participant has been dosed in a Phase 1 investigator-initiated study to evaluate the effect of TNX-1900 (intranasal potentiated oxytocin) on trigeminal nerve-mediated vasodilation of the forehead using capsaicin as well as electrical stimulation, a model for trigeminal neurovascular reactivity, in healthy female human volunteers. Dr. Antoinette Maassen van den Brink, Professor of Neurovascular Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center, is serving as principal investigator and sponsor for the study in a collaborative research agreement with Tonix.
In animal studies, intranasal oxytocin has been shown to bind to oxytocin receptors in the trigeminal ganglion, blocking the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator critically involved in the pathogenesis of migraine.1 Dr. Maassen van den Brink has previously found a CGRP inhibitor and a triptan to inhibit the forehead dermal blood flow response to capsaicin in migraineurs and healthy volunteers, respectively.2,3
“We are excited to collaborate with Professor Maassen van den Brink on this proof-of-concept study investigating the potential for TNX-1900 for treating migraine, craniofacial pain, and other related conditions,” said Seth Lederman, MD, Chief Executive Officer of Tonix Pharmaceuticals. “While there are several CGRP inhibitors approved for the treatment of migraine, TNX-1900’s oxytocin treatment affects a distinct pathway that could address unmet needs. The results of the new study will guide future development of this potential non-opioid treatment for migraine and other craniofacial pain conditions.”
As part of the preliminary work in support of this study, Dr. Maassen van den Brink’s team recently validated a newer detection method for dermal blood flow known as Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) in the trigeminal neurovascular reactivity model.4
“We are excited to be using LSCI in this study of TNX-1900, which adds to our established model by providing real-time and higher resolution dermal blood flow measurements, compared to Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging used in earlier studies,” said Dr. Maassen van den Brink. “Oxytocin represents a potential new therapeutic option, targeting a pathway in migraine and craniofacial pain that is distinct from both the triptan and CGRP inhibitor migraine treatment drug classes.”
About Migraine
Migraine is a neurovascular condition that typically manifests in a throbbing moderate to severe headache which lasts at least four hours, often on one side of the head and aggravated by routine physical activity. It can also be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and sensitivity to bright light and loud noises.5 Epidemiological studies indicate that globally, approximately 1.2 billion individuals suffer from migraines annually.6 In the U.S., approximately 39 million Americans suffer from migraines, and among these individuals, approximately four million experience chronic migraines (15 or more headache days per month, at least eight of which are migraines).6
About TNX-1900
TNX-1900 (intranasal potentiated oxytocin) is a proprietary formulation of oxytocin in development as a candidate for the treatment of migraine and craniofacial pain. TNX-1900 is a drug-device combination product, based on an intranasal actuator device that delivers oxytocin into the nasal cavity. Oxytocin is a naturally occurring human peptide hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Oxytocin has no recognized addiction potential. Oxytocin when delivered via the nasal route, concentrates in the trigeminal system7 resulting in binding of oxytocin to receptors on neurons in the trigeminal system, inhibiting the release of CGRP and transmission of pain signals returning from the site of CGRP release.1 Blocking CGRP release is a distinct mechanism compared with CGRP receptor antagonist and anti-CGRP antibody drugs, which block the binding of CGRP to its receptor, or bind to the peptide CGRP. The addition of magnesium to the oxytocin formulation in TNX-1900 enhances oxytocin receptor binding8 as well as having an inhibitory effect on trigeminal neurons and resultant craniofacial analgesic effects, as demonstrated in animal models.9 Intranasal oxytocin has been shown to be well tolerated in several clinical trials in both adults and children.10 Targeted nasal delivery results in low systemic exposure and lower risk of non-nervous system, off-target effects, which could potentially occur with systemic CGRP receptor antagonists and anti-CGRP (receptor) antibodies.11 For example, CGRP has roles in dilating blood vessels in response to ischemia, including in the heart. The Company believes nasally targeted delivery of oxytocin could translate into selective blockade of CGRP release from neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and not throughout the body, which could be a potential safety advantage over systemic CGRP inhibition. This mechanism is being investigated in a Phase 1 study to evaluate the effect of TNX-1900 on trigeminal nerve-mediated vasodilation of the forehead model for craniofacial pain. In addition, daily dosing is more rapidly reversible, in contrast to monthly or quarterly dosing, as is the case with anti-CGRP antibodies, giving physicians and their patients greater control. In addition to craniofacial pain conditions, TNX-1900 is being developed for treatment of binge eating disorder, adolescent obesity, bone health in pediatric autism and arginine-vasopressin deficiency. Tonix also has a license with the University of Geneva to use TNX-1900 for the treatment of insulin resistance and related conditions.
Citations
1Tzabazis A, et al. Oxytocin receptor: Expression in the trigeminal nociceptive system and potential role in the treatment of headache disorders. Cephalalgia. 2016. 36(10):943-50. 2de Vries Lentsch S, et al. CGRP-mediated trigeminovascular reactivity in migraine patients treated with erenumab. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 Aug;93(8):911-912. 3Ibrahimi K, et al. A human trigeminovascular biomarker for antimigraine drugs: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with sumatriptan. Cephalalgia. 2017 Jan;37(1):94-98. 4van Lohuizen et al. 2025. Trigeminovascular activity using a forehead dermal blood flow model: preliminary results of a validation study. J Headache and Pain 26 (Suppl 2): 138. 5The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition. Cephalalgia. 2018. 38(1):1-211. 6Burch et al. Migraine: Epidemiology, Burden, and Comorbidity. Neurol Clin 37 (2019):631–649. 7Yeomans DC, et al. Nasal oxytocin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders and pain: achieving meaningful brain concentrations. Transl Psychiatry. 2021. 11(1):388. 8Antoni FA and Chadio SE. Essential role of magnesium in oxytocin-receptor affinity and ligand specificity. Biochem J. 1989. 257(2):611-4. 9Cai Q, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reported adverse events of long-term intranasal oxytocin treatment for autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018. 72(3):140-151. 10Yeomans, DC et al. 2017. US patent US2017368095. 11MaassenVanDenBrink A, et al. Wiping out CGRP: potential cardiovascular risks. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2016. 37(9):779-788.
Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.
Tonix Pharmaceuticals* is a fully-integrated, commercial-stage biotechnology company focused on central nervous system (CNS) and immunology treatments in areas of high unmet medical need. TONMYA® (cyclobenzaprine HCl sublingual tablets 2.8 mg), is the first new treatment for fibromyalgia in adults in more than 15 years. Tonix’s CNS commercial infrastructure supports its marketed products, including its acute migraine products, Zembrace® Symtouch® (sumatriptan injection 3 mg) and Tosymra® (sumatriptan nasal spray 10 mg). Tonix is investigating TONMYA® in Phase 2 clinical trials to evaluate its potential in major depressive disorder and acute stress disorder/acute stress reaction. In addition, the Company’s CNS portfolio includes TNX-2900 (intranasal oxytocin), which is Phase 2 ready for the treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare disease. Tonix is also advancing a pipeline of immunology programs, including long-acting human monoclonal antibody TNX-4800 for Lyme disease prophylaxis, and TNX-1500, a third-generation CD40 ligand inhibitor for the prevention of kidney transplant rejection. To learn more, visit www.tonixpharma.com and follow the Company on LinkedIn and X.
*Tonix’s product development candidates are investigational new drugs or biologics; their efficacy and safety have not been established and have not been approved for any indication.
Zembrace SymTouch and Tosymra are registered trademarks of Tonix Medicines. TONMYA is a registered trademark of Tonix Pharma Limited. All other marks are property of their respective owners.
Forward Looking Statements
Certain statements in this press release are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including those relating to the completion of the offering, the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, the intended use of proceeds from the offering and other statements that are predictive in nature. These statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “expect,” and “intend,” among others. There are a number of factors that could cause actual events to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, risks related to the failure to successfully launch and commercialize TONMYA and any of our approved products; risks related to the failure to obtain FDA clearances or approvals and noncompliance with FDA regulations; risks related to the timing and progress of clinical development of our product candidates; our need for additional financing; uncertainties of patent protection and litigation; uncertainties of government or third party payor reimbursement; limited research and development efforts and dependence upon third parties; and substantial competition. As with any pharmaceutical under development, there are significant risks in the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of new products. Tonix does not undertake an obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement. Investors should read the risk factors set forth in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, as filed with the SEC on March 12, 2026, and periodic reports filed with the SEC on or after the date thereof. Tonix does not undertake an obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement. All of Tonix’s forward-looking statements are expressly qualified by all such risk factors and other cautionary statements. The information set forth herein speaks only as of the date thereof.
Robert LeBoyer, Senior Vice President, Equity Research Analyst, Biotechnology, Noble Capital Markets, Inc.
Refer to the full report for the price target, fundamental analysis, and rating.
Mpox Vaccine Clinical Supplies Expected To Be Ready Soon. GeoVax announced the completion of clinical supply testing of GEO-MVA, its modified vaccinia ankara (MVA) vaccine for Mpox/smallpox. The release of vaccine that can be used in clinical trials is expected in early April. This is an important milestone in preparation for the Phase 3 trial planned for late FY2026.
Preparation for Phase 3 Bridging Study and Commercialization. GeoVax is preparing for an immune bridging study to show GEO-MVA stimulates an immune response that is non-inferior to a commercial Mpox vaccine. The study was designed to meet requirements for the European Medicines Agency’s expedited development pathway for Marketing Authorization.
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*Analyst certification and important disclosures included in the full report. NOTE: investment decisions should not be based upon the content of this research summary. Proper due diligence is required before making any investment decision.
Clinical Product Release Testing Completed in Support of Pivotal Phase 3 Trial
Atlanta, GA – March 25, 2026 – GeoVax Labs, Inc. (Nasdaq: GOVX), a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious diseases and cancer, today provided a development update on its GEO-MVA vaccine program for protection against mpox and smallpox, highlighting continued progress toward initiation of its planned pivotal Phase 3 clinical study.
GeoVax announced that GEO-MVA clinical supplies have completed the required release testing and final release of the product for clinical use is scheduled for early April. Upon final release, sufficient clinical material will be available to fully support the planned immune bridging study designed in accordance with guidance from the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
This impending availability of GEO-MVA vaccine clinical material further advances the program towards initiation of the immune bridging study, a critical step toward regulatory Marketing Authorization under the EMA’s expedited development pathway, scheduled to initiate in the second-half of this year.
Advancing Toward a Pivotal Inflection Point
“The availability of GEO-MVA cGMP clinical material marks a significant advancement for the GEO-MVA program,” said David Dodd, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of GeoVax. “With final product release expected shortly, we are entering the final preparatory phase ahead of initiating our immune bridging study positioning GeoVax at a pivotal inflection point, moving toward potential regulatory approval and subsequent commercialization.”
The planned immune bridging study is designed to demonstrate comparability to an approved MVA vaccine using immunological endpoints, consistent with EMA guidance supporting a streamlined development pathway.
Parallel Progress Toward Commercial Readiness
As recently announced, we have initiated outreach discussions in support of potential procurement and preparedness contracting, positioning the Company for rapid GEO-MVA vaccine distribution upon regulatory and/or Emergency Use Licensing issuance. These discussions include organizations that influence or directly procure vaccines for national stockpiles, military preparedness programs, and international outbreak response initiatives.
“We are encouraged by the early engagement with global health and preparedness stakeholders,” Dodd added. “These discussions, alongside our clinical progress, underscore the increasing recognition of the critical need to expand global supply of MVA-based vaccines.”
Addressing a Critical Global Supply Gap
GEO-MVA is being developed to address a significant and well-recognized gap in global vaccine preparedness. Recent mpox outbreaks and evolving epidemiological patterns have reinforced the need for sustained preparedness, including expanded manufacturing capacity and diversified supply source. The current supply of MVA vaccine is concentrated in a single commercial manufacturer, limiting redundancy in a platform considered essential for protection against both mpox and smallpox. GeoVax believes GEO-MVA has the potential to serve as an important additional source of MVA vaccine supply supporting:
National stockpile programs
Global outbreak response efforts
Military and biodefense preparedness initiatives
About GEO-MVA
GEO-MVA is GeoVax’s candidate vaccine for protection against mpox and smallpox based on the Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). The program is advancing under an expedited regulatory pathway supported by EMA scientific advice, which enables potential regulatory approval based on a single immune bridging study demonstrating non-inferiority to an approved MVA vaccine.
Following successful completion of the planned study, GEO-MVA is expected to advance toward regulatory submission and potential commercialization as an additional source of MVA vaccine supply for global preparedness and biodefense programs.
About GeoVax
GeoVax Labs, Inc. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development of vaccines and immunotherapies addressing high-consequence infectious diseases and solid tumor cancers. GeoVax’s priority program is GEO-MVA, a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)–based vaccine targeting mpox and smallpox. The program is advancing under an expedited regulatory pathway, with plans to initiate a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial in the second half of 2026, to address critical global needs for expanded orthopoxvirus vaccine supply and biodefense preparedness. In oncology, GeoVax is developing Gedeptin®, a gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) designed to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor activity. Gedeptin has completed a multicenter Phase 1/2 clinical trial in advanced head and neck cancer and is being advanced into combination strategies, including planned neoadjuvant and first-line settings. GeoVax’s broader pipeline includes the development of GEO-CM04S1, a next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate being evaluated in immunocompromised and other patient populations. GeoVax maintains a global intellectual property portfolio supporting its infectious disease and oncology programs and continues to evaluate strategic partnerships and funding opportunities aligned with its development priorities. For more information, visit www.geovax.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This release contains forward-looking statements regarding GeoVax’s business plans. The words “believe,” “look forward to,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. Actual results may differ materially from those included in these statements due to a variety of factors, including whether: GeoVax is able to obtain acceptable results from ongoing or future clinical trials of its investigational products, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines can provoke the desired responses, and those products or vaccines can be used effectively, GeoVax’s viral vector technology adequately amplifies immune responses to cancer antigens, GeoVax can develop and manufacture its immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines with the desired characteristics in a timely manner, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines will be safe for human use, GeoVax’s vaccines will effectively prevent targeted infections in humans, GeoVax’s immuno-oncology products and preventative vaccines will receive regulatory approvals necessary to be licensed and marketed, GeoVax raises required capital to complete development, there is development of competitive products that may be more effective or easier to use than GeoVax’s products, GeoVax will be able to enter into favorable manufacturing and distribution agreements, and other factors, over which GeoVax has no control.
Further information on our risk factors is contained in our periodic reports on Form 10-Q and Form 10-K that we have filed and will file with the SEC. Any forward-looking statement made by us herein speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by law.
