Monday, October 2, 2023
Michael Heim, CFA, Senior Research Analyst, Noble Capital Markets, Inc.
Refer to the bottom of the report for important disclosures
Oil price rose 30% in the third quarter helping propel the XLE Energy Index up 11.4%. Natural gas prices also rose after twelve months of decline. Higher oil prices reflect declining inventories due to rising demand that is not being met by rising supply.
Domestic oil demand is rising. Oil demand largely tracks the economy. And, while monetary tightening has slowed growth, demand is still growing. Recently, domestic demand has increased due to warm summer weather and increased propane exports to Europe.
Oil supply is not keeping pace. OPEC+ extended its production cuts. In previous decades, domestic producers would respond to production cuts by accelerating drilling. In recent years, producers have not increased drilling as noted by a sharp decline in domestic oil rig activity. Oil drilling rigs even declined this quarter despite the rise in oil prices. Limited drilling, combined with sharper well decline curves, has meant supply is not keeping up with demand.
Small cap producers are uniquely positioned to take advantage of higher prices. The production gains that came from horizontal drilling and fracking in the Permian Basin appear to be waning. That means well profitability has declined as producers move on to secondary and tertiary targets. This is especially an issue for larger production companies that need a large number of wells drilled to provide growth. In addition, large companies face regulatory and investor pressures regarding fossil fuel production that the smaller companies may avoid.
Energy Stocks
Energy stocks, as measured by the XLE Energy Index, rose 11.4% in the 2023 third quarter as compared to a 3.6% decline in the S&P 500 Index. The outperformance was largely due to rising oil prices. The November 2023 futures contract rose 30% during the quarter. Natural gas prices rose 4.9% during the quarter largely reflecting normal seasonal trends.
Oil Prices
The rise in oil prices corresponds to a drop in inventories. After a covid-induced spike in early 2020, domestic inventories have fallen steadily. During this period of monetary tightening, demand growth has slowed but remained positive. Supply, on the other hand, has stagnated. OPEC+ has extended cutbacks and domestic drilling activity has declined.
Figure #1
Source: EIA
The decline in drilling activity can best be seen by looking at domestic oil rig activity. Where once there were more than 1600 active wells, now there are one-third that number. What’s more, oil drilling activity has continued to decline in the third quarter even as oil prices have risen.
Figure #2
Source: Baker Hughes
Weather has also played a part as warm temperatures have meant increased use of oil for electric generations. Although oil represents a small portion of the generation load, it is an important component in the summer months when generation demand is greatest. Temperatures in the United States have been warmer than average each month this summer and 17 of the 24 months over the last four years.
Figure #3
Finally, it is worth noting that petroleum exports have been growing. Exports jumped after the Ukraine invasion as the United States rushed to ship petroleum to Europe to offset Russian supply disruptions. Note the large jump in propane exports since 2021 in the chart below. Propane, a component of the crude oil barrel, is one of the easier fuels to export until additional liquified natural gas export terminals are completed.
Figure #4
The combination of limited drilling, growing demand for electric generation and exports, and OPEC production cuts bodes well for oil prices.
Natural Gas Prices
The story for natural gas is less positive but improving. Sharp declines last winter bottomed out in April and have slowly begun to creep back upward. Natural gas production profitability is not great at prices near $3.00 per thousand cubic feet (mcf) but still profitable.
Figure #5
Source: Nymex, EIA
Outlook
We believe the outlook for energy companies remains favorable. Oil prices are high and do not show signs of falling due to OPEC cuts, reduced domestic drilling and rising demand for power generation and exports. We believe the case for smaller cap energy stocks is especially strong because they are less liquid and slower to react to rising energy prices. Smaller energy companies also face less political and investor pressure to shift away from carbon-based production.
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ANALYST CREDENTIALS, PROFESSIONAL DESIGNATIONS, AND EXPERIENCE
Senior Equity Analyst focusing on Basic Materials & Mining. 20 years of experience in equity research. BA in Business Administration from Westminster College. MBA with a Finance concentration from the University of Missouri. MA in International Affairs from Washington University in St. Louis.
Named WSJ ‘Best on the Street’ Analyst and Forbes/StarMine’s “Best Brokerage Analyst.”
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