The Consequences of this Year’s Voting Should Create Opportunity for Investors
Once inconceivable in most voting districts throughout the U.S., ballots across the country this year will ask voters to decide on gambling measures, drug laws, and extra taxes based on defined demographics. While this is of interest to investors as it shows how trends are forming or continuing and can point to more potential for growth. Of the 130 ballot measures being decided upon on Tuesday, many will alter spending patterns and bolster industries.
What’s Being Decided Upon
Each year a number of states, including Maryland and Arkansas, are asking voters to decide upon legalizing recreational marijuana. Fully five states could move toward ending the use of involuntary prison labor. Nebraska and Nevada are asking voters if they should increase the minimum wage statewide. Gambling, firearms, and immigration are also the subject of state-level referendums.
A proposition in California would legalize online sports betting in that large potential market. Gaming companies, including DraftKings (DKNG) and FanDuel (DUEL) have poured nearly $160 million into the measure. It is not expected to pass, if it does, the news may cause a rally in these and other online gambling companies. Over $375 million has been spent by supporters and those against this measure.
Also being decided by California’s voters is a proposition that would raise taxes on personal incomes of $2 million or more. The revenue would be set aside to fund the state’s electric-vehicle production and help prevent wildfires. This is a very contentious measure that pit many from the same political party against each other.
In general environmental groups and companies perceived to benefit from a quicker evolving EV infrastructure support the “yes” campaign. Governor Newsom, and the California Teachers Association, a powerful state union, have joined business groups to oppose the measure, saying it would benefit a select number of large corporations as they transition to electric vehicles.
Recreational weed in Maryland? The pollsters seem to think it stands a good chance of passing. There are four other states (Arkansas, Missouri, North Dakota and South Dakota) where recreational cannabis is also on the ballot, those outcomes won’t be known until after the votes are counted.
To date, 19 states and the District of Columbia have legalized the adult recreational use of marijuana. Colorado could become the second state behind Oregon to legalize the personal use of psilocybin, the active ingredient in psychedelic mushrooms and other plant-based hallucinogens.
Massachusetts voters get to decide if they raise their income taxes by 4% if they have personal incomes of $1 million or more. This would leave the total rate for that bracket to 9%. Should this pass and bring in additional funds, they are earmarked for education and transportation.
Voters in five states will weigh whether to explicitly outlaw involuntary servitude as part of the punishment for a crime. Alabama, Louisiana, Oregon, Tennessee, and Vermont will all consider these questions on the topic; there is a growing movement to change the 13th Amendment so it no longer allows slavery as a form of criminal punishment. This could potentially benefit the industry in these states.
On immigration, Ohio voters are considering whether to ban all local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote. San Francisco and New York have passed laws allowing noncitizens to vote for local offices and ballot measures. These face legal challenges.
Elsewhere, ballot measures will ask voters whether to extend certain benefits to immigrants in the country illegally, including the ability to obtain a driver’s license in Massachusetts and pay in-state college tuition in Arizona.
Take Away
They say elections have consequences. As various states elect to adopt or deny changes in the running of their state, investors may be able to position themselves to benefit from trends, changes, and additional funds being made available.
Federal Reserve President Speeches With Elections and CPI to Shape the Week’s Trading
Yes, the stock markets are open on Veterans Day (Friday). But bond trading, which the stock market has been more keenly focused on this year, will be taking the day off along with other U.S. government services. Equity traders can get a sense of interest rate sentiment on Friday by turning to the Chicago Board of Options and viewing tickers ZF=F (5 yr. USTN), ZN=F (10 yr. USTN), ZB=F (30 yr. USTB).
All markets are open on Election Day, and the outcome, as measured by House seats and Senate seats distributed among the major political parties, has the potential to be market-moving.
It’s a quiet week for economic numbers, except for Thursday, when the CPI report is released. This has the potential of changing those calling for a 50 bp hike at the next meeting to up their expectations or those still forecasting 75bp to lower their call. Certainly, the Fed governors will be watching this and all measures of inflation up to the December 14-15 meeting. There are a number of Fed governors speaking this week; this could alter the tone; however, the next meeting is far out into the future.
Election Day.
Monday 11/7
3:00 PM ET the amount of consumer installment credit for September, including credit cards, auto loan, and student loans outstanding, indicate current consumer spending and borrowing patterns. The markets tend to ignore this number as we are already in November and this report measures September
3:40 PM ET, the Federal Reserve Bank Presidents Mester (Cleveland) and Collins (Boston), will be speaking. Both are considered fairly hawkish.
6:00 PM ET, the Federal Reserve Bank President Harkey (Philadelphia) will be speaking.
Tuesday 11/8
Election Day.
Meet the Management; Noble Capital Markets hosts Management of Entravision Communications (EVC) in West Palm Beach, FL. This is a no-cost-to-attend, in-person breakfast meeting with investors. If interested, click here.
Meet the Management, Noble Capital Markets hosts Management of Entravision Communications (EVC) in Boca Raton, FL. This is a no-cost-to-attend, in-person lunch meeting with investors. If interested, click here.
Wednesday 11/9
It can be expected that the newswires will be filled with Election Day outcomes and market-moving conjecture.
7:00 AM ET Mortgage Applications. The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) creates a statistic from several mortgage loan indexes. The Mortgage Applications index measures applications at mortgage lenders. It’s considered a leading indicator and is especially important for single-family home sales and housing construction. Both are considered foundational in a strong economy.
10 Year Treasury Note Auction is held in the middle of each month and settles on or around the 15th (depending on weekends). The yield is a benchmark for 30-year mortgages and has recently been noted by investment markets because it has been trading at a yield lower than shorter maturities. This inversion of the yield curve has some market players suggesting a recession is expected in the future. Any surprises at the auction will reverberate through the stock market.
10:30 AM ET, EIA Petroleum Status Report.
11:00 AM ET, Federal Reserve President Barkin (Philadelphia) speaks.
Meet the Management; Noble Capital Markets hosts Management of Entravision Communications (EVC) in Winter Park, FL. This is a no-cost-to-attend, in-person breakfast meeting with investors. If interested, click here.
Meet the Management; Noble Capital Markets hosts Management of Entravision Communications (EVC) in Orlando, FL. This is a no-cost-to-attend, in-person lunch meeting with investors. If interested, click here.
Thursday 11/10
8:30 AM ET, U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the inflation indicator most widely broadcast. With inflation being a primary focus, this will be the big number coming out this week. The number represents a basket of goods considered typical for an urban consumer and is taken as the change in the cost of that basket of goods. A percentage is derived from the change. CPI is also reported with food and energy removed as it is considered that other non-economic factors influence these prices. The September report indicated CPI rose 0.4% for the month and 8.2% YOY. Expectations are for an increase to 0.7% for October and a YOY rate of 8.0%.
8:30 AM ET U.S. Jobless Claims which represent the prior week’s employment are expected to have increased to 221,000 from 217,000. From jobless claims, investors can gain a sense of how tight or how loose the job market is. If wage inflation takes hold, interest rates will likely rise, and bond and stock prices will fall. Remember, the lower the number of unemployment claims, the stronger the job market, and vice versa.
10:30 AM ET, EIA Natural Gas Status Report.
Friday 11/11
Veterans Day, the stock market is one, the futures markets are open, and the bond market and other U.S. government-related offices are closed.
10 AM ET Consumer Sentiment, November (preliminary). This barometer, reported by the University of Michigan, questions households each month on their assessment of current conditions and expectations of future conditions. This “preliminary” release is for the month of November and is expected to have fallen to 59.6 versus 59.9 last month.
What Else
It is a light week for economic releases and Fed governor addresses, but the election outcome and CPI have the potential to whip markets around.
We’re entering the holiday shopping season when there will be a number of measures that investors focus on that will give a hint as to how strong the consumer is in the current economy.
US Sailors, Coastal Riverine Group, Restoring Command Anchor with Gold Paint, Credit: US Pacific Fleet (Flickr)
Can the Dollar Once Again Be Anchored by Gold? One Congressman Believes It Can
On October 7, 2022, US congressman Alex Mooney (a Republican from West Virginia) introduced a bill (the Gold Standard Restoration Act, H.R. 9157) that stipulates that the US dollar must be backed by physical gold owned by the US Treasury. The initiative clearly indicates that the increasingly inflationary US dollar is triggering efforts to get better money.
It should be noted that there have already been many legislative changes to make precious metals more attractive as a means of payment in recent years: in many US states, the value-added and capital gains taxes on gold and silver, but also on platinum and palladium, have been abolished. Mr. Mooney’s proposal is divided into three sections.
The first section of the bill establishes the need for a return to a gold-backed US dollar. For example, it is said that the US dollar—or more precisely, the bill refers to “Federal Reserve Notes”—that is, banknotes issued by the US Federal Reserve (Fed)—has lost its purchasing power on a massive scale in the past: Since 2000, it has dropped by 30 percent, and since 1913 by 97 percent. The bill also argues that with an inflation target of 2 percent, the Fed will not preserve the purchasing power of the US dollar but will have it halved after just thirty-five years. Moreover, the bill points out that it is in the interest of US citizens and firms to have a “stable US dollar.” The bill highlights that the inflationary US dollar has been eroding the industrial base of the US economy, enriching the owners of financial assets, while endangering workers’ jobs, wages, and savings.
The second section of the bill describes in more detail the technical process for re-anchoring the US dollar to the US official gold stock. It states that (1) the US secretary of the Treasury must define the US dollar banknotes using a fixed fine gold weight thirty days after the law goes into effect, based on the closing price of the gold on that day. The Fed must (2) ensure that the US banknotes are redeemable for physical gold at the designated rate at the Fed. (3) If the banks of the Fed system fail to comply with peoples’ exchange requests, the exchange must be made by the US Treasury, and in return, the Treasury takes the Fed’s bank assets as collateral.
The third section specifies how a “fair” gold price in US dollar can develop in an orderly manner within thirty days after the bill has taken effect. To this end, (1) the US Treasury and the Fed must publish all of their gold holdings, disclosing all purchases, sales, swaps, leases, and all other gold transactions that have taken place since the “temporary” suspension of the redeemability of the US dollar into gold on August 15, 1971, under the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. In addition, (2) the US Treasury and the Fed must publicly disclose all gold redemptions and transfers in the 10 years preceding the “temporary” suspension of the US dollar’s gold redemption obligation on August 15, 1971.
What to Make of This?
The bill’s core is the idea of re-anchoring the US dollar to physical gold based on a fair gold price freely determined in the market. (By the way, this is an idea put forward by the economist Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) in the early 1950s.) In this context, the bill refers to US banknotes. However, banknotes only comprise a (fractional) part of the total US dollar money supply. But since US bank deposits can be redeemed (at least in principle) in US banknotes, not only US dollar cash (coins and notes) could be exchanged for gold, but also the money supply M1 or M2 as fixed and savings deposits could be exchanged for sight deposits, and sight deposits, in turn, could be withdrawn in cash by customers, and the banknotes could then be exchanged for gold at the Fed.
As of August 2022, the stock of US cash (“currency in circulation”) amounted to $2,276.3 billion. Assuming that the official physical gold holdings of the US Treasury amount to 261.5 million troy ounces, and the market expected US cash to be backed by the official US gold stock, a gold price of about $8,700 per troy ounce would result. This would correspond to a 418 percent increase compared to the current gold price of $1,680. If, however, the market were to expect the entire US money supply M2 to be covered by the official US gold stock, then the price of gold would move toward $83,000 per troy ounce—an increase of 4.840 percent compared to the current gold price. Needless to say, such an appreciation of gold has far-reaching consequences.
All goods prices in US dollars can be expected to rise (perhaps to the extent that the price of gold has risen). After all, the purchasing power of the owners of gold has increased significantly. Therefore, they can be expected to use their increased purchasing power to buy other goods (such as consumer goods, but also stocks, houses, etc.). If this happens, the prices of these goods in US dollar terms will be pushed up—and thus, the initial purchasing power gain that the gold dollar holders have enjoyed by being tied to the increased gold price will melt away again. Moreover, if US banks were willing to accept additional gold from the public in exchange for issuing new US dollar, reanchoring the US dollar in gold would increase the upward price effect.
A re-anchoring of the US dollar in the US official gold stock will result in a far-reaching redistribution of income and wealth. In fact, it would be fatal for the outstanding US dollar debt: US dollar goods prices would rise, caused by a rise in the US dollar gold price at which the US dollar is redeemable for physical gold, thereby eroding the US dollar’s purchasing power. In the foreign exchange markets, the US dollar would probably appreciate drastically against those currencies that are not backed by gold and against currencies which are backed by gold, not as fine compared to the fineness of the gold backing of the US dollar. The purchasing power of the US dollar abroad would increase sharply, while the US export economy would suffer. US goods would become correspondingly expensive abroad, while foreign companies gain high price competitiveness in the US market.
Once the US dollar is re-anchored in gold, today’s chronic inflation will end; monetary policy–induced boom-and-bust cycles will come to an end; the world will become more peaceful because financing a war in a gold-backed monetary system will be very expensive, and the general public will most likely not want to bear its costs. However, there is still room for improvement. A “Gold Standard Restoration Act” will deserve unconditional support if and when it paves the way toward a truly “free market for money.” A free market in money means that you and I have the freedom to choose the kind of money we believe serves our purposes best; and that people are free to offer their fellow human beings a good that they voluntarily choose to use as money.
In a truly free market, people will choose the good they want to use as money. Most importantly, in a truly free market in money, the state (as we know it today) loses its influence on money and money production altogether. In fact, the state (and the special interest groups that exploit the state) no longer determine which kind of gold (coins and bars, cast or minted) can be used as money; the state is no longer active in the minting business and cannot monopolize it anymore; there is no longer a state-controlled central bank to intervene in the credit and money markets and influence market interest rates. That said, let us hope that the Gold Standard Restoration Act proposed by Mr. Mooney will pave the way to reforming the US dollar currency system—and that it will eventually move us toward a truly free market in money.
About the Author
Dr. Thorsten Polleit is the Chief Economist of Degussa and an Honorary Professor at the University of Bayreuth. He also acts as an investment advisor.
Philippe Petit walks Tightrope between buildings one and two of WTC, Manhattan, 1974 – Robert.Dearie (Flickr)
Analyst Team Point Out Asset Classes that Slingshotted in the 1970s
While the traditional fine print usually says, “past performance is no guarantee of future results,’ we all know trading decisions, whether the stocks are to be held for seconds, or decades, are based on probabilities. And market probabilities are rooted in past performance. What does past performance tell us about the chances that the markets can survive high inflation and low growth? Well, if the stagflation of the 70s repeats, there may be a small section of the markets to keep a solid footing.
Michael Hartnett is the chief investment strategist at Bank of America/Merrill Lynch. Hartnett sees in our current economy the ingredients in the macroeconomic picture that lead to the difficult economic combination of high inflation and low growth. His team, in their Flow Show note on Friday, wrote: “Inflation and stagnation was ‘unanticipated in 2022…hence $35 trillion collapse in asset valuations; but relative returns in 2022 have very much mirrored asset returns in 1973/74, and the 70s remain our asset allocation analog for 2020s.”
If the conditions of the 1970s are being mirrored and we are creating a foundation similar to 1973/74, Hartnett and team have a list of assets that could springboard off the stagflation cycle.
The assets with potential include taking long positions in small-caps, value, commodities, resources, volatility, and emerging markets. The group also highlights the short positions that worked well in the 1970s, the note indicates these are larger stocks, bonds, growth, and technology.
Why Small-Caps
As it applies to the smaller companies, the note points out that stagflation persisted through the late 1970s, but the inflation shock had ended by 1973/74, when the small-cap asset class “entered one of the great bull markets of all-time.” The Hartnett team sees small-caps set to keep outperforming in the “coming years of stagflation.”
The current year-to-date status has the Russell 2000 small-cap stock market index (measured by iShares ETF) down 19.8% in 2022. At the same time, the Dow Industrials are down 11%, S&P 500 lost 21%, and the Nasdaq Composite gave back 33%.
The current state of the Fed and Chairman Powell is they continue to be adamant about tightening, Powell said he’d prefer to overdo withdrawing stimulus than do too little. He also knows that until the market believes this, his tightening efforts will have a lower impact.
The BofA team isn’t helping market expectations as they noted, despite Powell’s clear signal that the Fed isn’t ready to declare even a slight victory from its raising rates; the analyst team says, don’t give up on that pivot.
After tightening interest rates through 1973/74 amid inflation and oil shocks, the central bank first cut in July 1975 as growth turned negative, Hartnett points out. A sustained pivot began in December of that year, and importantly, the unemployment rate surged from 5.6% and 6.6% that same month.
The “following 12 months, the S&P 500 rose 31%. The note suggests the lesson learned is that job losses when they occur, will be the catalyst for a 2023 pivot,” said Hartnett and the team.
We’re not there yet. Today’s economic release on jobs showed the U.S. added a stronger-than-expected 261,000 jobs during October. This is a slower pace than the prior month’s 315,000 job gains but still shows the Fed can comfortably notch rates up more and continue reducing its balance sheet.
Take Away
The team of analysts at BofA/Merrill Lynch, reporting to Michael Hartnett, drew conclusions from the stagflation and financial markets’ performance of the 1970s. They shared their thoughts in a research note with investors. Looking at past performance, their expectation is that the Fed will pivot away from aggressively raising rates when it begins to negatively impact job creation. At this point, many markets will have already reacted to inflation expectations and would then react to a more accommodative monetary policy.
The asset sectors to avoid or short are larger stocks, bonds, growth, and technology. The preferred sectors that, in past situations, have done well are small-caps, value, commodities, resources, volatility, and emerging markets.
Be sure to sign-up at no cost for small and microcap company research sent to you each day by Channelchek.
How the U.S. and its Allies Plan to Put the Squeeze on Russian Oil Profits
Volatility in oil prices this week has been extreme, even by the standards already set this decade. The price of WTI rose nearly 5% just today. The month ahead promises to create even more volatility as Saudi Arabia just cut prices to Asia; meanwhile, the US and its allies have agreed to put a cap on Russian oil. Details on many of these influences have not yet been worked out or announced. What is known is that the price cap and other sanctions against Russia begin in one month. The commodity trading days leading to the planned December 5 start date and the weeks that follow ought to create a great deal of speculation and price movement. Here is what we do know the allies have agreed upon.
The Cap Map
Sales of Russian oil to the participating countries will be subject to a price cap. The cap pertains to the initial purchase of a load of seaborne Russian oil. The agreement settled by the US and its allies doesn’t subject any subsequent sale of crude as falling under the same cap. The cost of transporting Russian oil is not included in the calculation of the cap. However, these rules only apply once the load of oil makes land. Out at sea, the rules are different.
Trades of Russian oil that occur once the load is at sea are expected to still fall under the cap. However, if the Russia-originated oil has been refined into products such as diesel or gasoline, then it is not subject to the cap.
Restrictions and Jurisdictions
Under the expected price-cap plan, the Group of Seven and Australia are planning to restrict firms in their countries from providing insurance and other key maritime services for any Russian oil shipment unless the oil is sold below a set price. Because much of the world’s maritime services are based in G-7 countries and the European Union, the Western partners are aiming to effectively dictate the price at which Russia can sell some of its oil on global markets.
The Precise Price
The US and its allies have yet to set the price for the scheme, but they expect to define the level or range well before the December 5 implementation date. The slow pace of finalizing the plan have left some oil-market participants concerned that shipments of Russian oil at sea on December 5 could face the cap restrictions. The US Treasury Department, earlier this week, has clarified how this would be determined. The agreement rules that Russian oil shipped before December 5 would be exempt from the cap if it is unloaded at its destination by January 19.
It’s expected the price cap would not bring a crushing blow to banks, insurers, shippers, and traders that help make Russian oil available on global markets. The goal is to cut into the profits Russia earns from its oil sales, the hope by participants is to keep global markets supplied with Russian oil and keep energy prices steady.
The precise price is unknown, however a price range in the mid-60s has been discussed as the possible cap range, as it represents levels in line with where Russian oil had traded before the big run-up.
What Else?
Officials speaking for Russia have threatened to cut their oil production in retaliation for any price cap. It remains seen whether this game of each party partaking in ugly medicine for the survival of both will play out in unexpected ways.
The plan for the price cap for Russian crude will go into effect on December 5, while two separate price limits for refined Russian petroleum products will kick in on February 5.
Expect volatility in oil prices, leading up to and after the caps go into effect. At the same time, expect the unexpected as it relates to energy.
Image: Press conference following November 2022 FOMC meeting – Federal Reserve (Flickr)
Fed Faces Twin Threats of Recession and Financial Crisis as its Inflation Fight Raises Risks of Both
The Fed raising the overnight rate is only half the reason the economy may be driven into a recession and create a financial crisis according to a Mississippi Professor of Finance. He believes the Fed’s interest rate approach, which is most talked about, may create problems, but Professor Blank also points out and defines the Fed’s balance sheet changes and what they could mean for markets, the economy, and the world of finance.
There is wide agreement among economists and market observers that the Federal Reserve’s aggressive interest rate hikes will cause economic growth to grind to a halt, leading to a recession. Less talked about is the risk of a financial crisis as the U.S. central bank simultaneously tries to shrink its massive balance sheet.
As expected, the Fed on Nov. 2, 2022, lifted borrowing costs by 0.75 percentage point – its fourth straight hike of that size, which brings its benchmark rate to as high as 4%.
At the same time as it’s been raising rates, the Fed has been quietly trimming down its balance sheet, which swelled after the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020. It reached a high of US$9 trillion in April 2022 and has since declined by about $240 billion as the Fed reduces its holdings of Treasury securities and other debt that it bought to avoid an economic meltdown early in the pandemic.
This article was republished with permission from The Conversation, a news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts. It represents the research-based findings and thoughts of D. Brian Blank, Assistant Professor of Finance, Mississippi State University.
As a finance expert, I have been studying financial decisions and markets for over a decade. I’m already seeing signs of distress that could snowball into a financial crisis, compounding the Fed’s woes as it struggles to contain soaring inflation.
Fed Balance Sheet Basics
As part of its mandate, the Federal Reserve maintains a balance sheet, which includes securities, such as bonds, as well as other instruments it uses to pump money into the economy and support financial institutions.
The balance sheet has grown substantially over the last two decades as the Fed began experimenting in 2008 with a policy known as quantitative easing – in essence, printing money – to buy debt to help support financial markets that were in turmoil. The Fed again expanded its balance sheet drastically in 2020 to provide support, or liquidity, to banks and other financial institutions so the financial system didn’t run short on cash. Liquidity refers to the efficiency with which a security can be converted into cash without affecting the price.
But in March 2022, the Fed switched gears. It stopped purchasing new securities and began reducing its holdings of debt in a policy known as quantitative tightening. The current balance is $8.7 trillion, two-thirds of which are Treasury securities issued by the U.S. government.
The result is that there is one less buyer in the $24 trillion treasury market, one of the largest and most important markets in the world. And that means less liquidity.
Loss of Liquidity
Markets work best when there’s plenty of liquidity. But when it dries up, that’s when financial crises happen, with investors having trouble selling securities or other assets. This can lead to a fire sale of financial assets and plunging prices.
Treasury markets have been unusually volatile this year – resulting in the biggest losses in decades – as prices drop and yields shoot up. This is partly due to the Fed rate hikes, but another factor is the sharp loss of liquidity as the central bank pares its balance sheet. A drop in liquidity increases risks for investors, who then demand higher returns for financial assets. This leads to lower prices.
The loss of liquidity not only adds additional uncertainty into markets but could also destabilize financial markets. For example, the most recent quantitative tightening cycle, in 2019, led to a crisis in overnight lending markets, which are used by banks and other financial institutions to lend each other money for very short periods.
Given the sheer size of the Treasury market, problems there are likely to leak into virtually every other market in the world. This could start with money market funds, which are held as low-risk investments for individuals. Since these investments are considered risk-free, any possible risk has substantial consequences – as happened in 2008 and 2020.
Other markets are also directly affected since the Fed holds more than just Treasuries. It also holds mortgages, which means its balance sheet reduction could hurt liquidity in that market too. Quantitative tightening also decreases bank reserves in the financial system, which is another manner in which financial stability could be threatened and increase the risk of a crisis.
The last time the Fed tried to reduce its balance sheet, it caused what was known as a “taper tantrum” as debt investors reacted by selling bonds, causing bond yields to rise sharply, and forced the central bank to reverse course. The long and short of it is that if the Fed continues to reduce its holdings, it could stack a financial crisis on top of a recession, which could lead to unforeseen problems for the U.S. economy – and economies around the globe.
A Two-Front War
For the moment, Fed Chair Jerome Powell has said he believes markets are handling its balance sheet rundown effectively. And on Nov. 2, the Fed said it would continue reducing its balance sheet – to the tune of about $1.1 trillion a year.
Obviously, not everyone agrees, including the U.S. Treasury, which said that the lower liquidity is raising government borrowing costs.
The risks of a major crisis will only grow as the U.S. economy continues to slow as a result of the rate hikes. While the fight against inflation is hard enough, the Fed may soon have a two-front war on its hands.
Image: Statue of Liberty Torch, Circa 1882 – Ron Cogswell (Flickr)
Current Technology May Be Leading the Next Shift in Stock Market Investing
Investor exposure to the stock market has grown and evolved through different iterations over the years. There is no reason to believe that it isn’t evolving still. The main drivers of change have been the cost of ownership, technology, and convenience, which are related to the other two drivers. There seems to be a new transformation that has been happening over the past few years. And with each change, there will be those that benefit and those that fall short. So it’s important for an investor to be aware of changes that may be taking place around them.
Recent History
Your grandfather probably didn’t own stocks. If he did, he bought shares in companies his broker researched, and he then speculated they would out-earn alternative uses of his capital – this was expensive. Mutual funds later grew in popularity as computer power expanded, and an increased number of investors flocked to these managed funds – the price of entry was less than buying individual stocks. Charles Schwab and other discount brokers sprang up – they offered lower commissions than traditional brokers. Mutual funds were able to further reduce fees charged by offering easier to manage indexed funds or funds linked to a market index like the Dow 30 or S&P 500. Indexed exchange-traded funds (ETF) took the indexed fund idea one step further – they have a much lower cost of entry than either mutual funds or even discount brokerage accounts. An added benefit to indexed ETFs is they can be traded at intraday prices and provide tax benefits.
Just as Schwab ushered in an era of low-commission trades, Robinhood busted the doors open to no-commission trades, and most large online brokers followed. This change allows for almost imperceptible costs in most stock market transactions. It also changed the concept of a round-lot, or transacting in increments of 100 shares. In fact, the most popular brokers all offer fractional share ownership now.
Are Index ETFs Becoming Dinosaurs?
Funds made sense for those seeking diversification of holdings, it used to take a large sum of money to do that; investors with a $10,000 account or more can easily achieve acceptable diversification with odd-lots and fractional shares ability.
Today investors can create their own index-like “fund,” or as they called it in your grandparent’s day, “portfolio management.”
One big advantage to creating your own portfolio, even if you rely heavily on stocks from a specific index to choose from, is that you can adapt it more toward your sector or company expectations. Indexed funds are stuck with their index holdings, they have no ability to change. One may increase or decrease risk by leaving out stocks or even whole industry groups. Also, it can be managed with greater tax efficiency than an index fund tailored to your situation.
There is also the DIY thrill that one gets from creating anything themselves rather than to just buying one off the shelf. There have been a number of renowned investors like Peter Lynch and Michael Burry warning that indexed funds no longer provide expected diversification and that many of the stocks are valued higher because so many dollars are on “auto-invest” into indexes that the bad has been pushed up with the good.
An example of what added demand does to the valuation of a company when being added to an index can be seen over the last month when it became clear that Twitter would be leaving an empty slot that would be filled by Arch Capital (ACGL). The added demand for ACGL pushed up the value by an estimated 25%. Was it undervalued before (when stand-alone), or is it over-valued now? Some stocks that are getting more attention because they are in an index could, as Michael Burry warned, be in bubble territory.
The more you do to ensure your portfolio weightings mimic an index, the closer your performance is likely to be to that index. You may want to limit your holdings to names that are actually in the index and shift the weightings for return enhancement. Another concern often cited with indexes is the way that they weight holdings; you may choose to weight your portfolio using the market capitalization of each company to own the same percentage of the company’s value or use another method like pure cost measures or cost per P/E.
Picking Stocks
While studies suggest that market diversification can be achieved by owning as few as five stocks and doesn’t improve much after 30 holdings, the more you own, providing they aren’t overweighted in a sector, it stands to reason the more diversification protection you can achieve.
As a DIY, self-directed investor, it makes sense not to chase after whatever YouTube influencer, loud-mouthed-TV analyst, or Stocktwit tells you. This is your baby, and the results, good or bad, are yours. Do what you can to make informed decisions, even if some turn out unexpected. The benefit of this is you can lean away from stocks that are still in indexes that don’t have good future prospects and lean into more companies that do.
I’m hearing from more of my self-directed investor friends and investment advisors that more people are looking to own companies that have non-financial objectives they, as an investor, support. And for some of them, there is no standard ESG framework that they support. They have decided, because they do care, to do more portfolio management with individual stocks than before. This is so they can individually look under the hood at employee policies, or environmental stature, etc. While ESG funds exist, the investor or client of the investment advisor would prefer not to own anything they oppose if they can avoid it. What better way than being able to say no to $XYZ company because they do this, this, and this that is against my own fabric?
Channelchek is a great resource for any percentage of your personally managed fund that includes stocks in the small-cap or microcap categories. These stocks could add a bit more potential for return but could also change your risk characteristics. Sign-up to get research from FINRA-licensed analysts.
Take Away
Stock investing has evolved and become more inclusive. But the future may be more like the past, with individuals creating portfolios of stocks for themselves. You don’t have to be rich anymore to buy stocks, and you don’t have to own a fund to get affordable diversification on nearly any size account. There’s a trend toward building one’s own personalized, diversified, low-transaction portfolio. Channelchek is helping investors find possible fits with its free research platform.
The FOMC Votes to Raise Rates for Sixth Time (2022)
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) voted to raise overnight interest rates from a target of 3.00%-3.25% to the new level of 3.75% – 4.00% at the conclusion of its November 2022 meeting. The monetary policy shift in bank lending rates was as expected by economists and the markets. The recent focus has been more on what the next move in December might look like. There were no clues given in the statement following the meeting. Many, including some members of Congress that recently wrote a letter to Chair Powell, have urged the Fed to be more dovish, while others suggest the central bank is still behind and hasn’t moved aggressively enough. A third contingent believes there may be more work to be done, but there should first be a pause to see what the impact has been of five aggressive moves.
The statement accompanying the policy shift also included a discussion on U.S. economic growth continuing to remain positive. There was little changed. Language from that statement can be found below:
Fed Release November 2, 2022
Recent indicators point to modest growth in spending and production. Job gains have been robust in recent months, and the unemployment rate has remained low. Inflation remains elevated, reflecting supply and demand imbalances related to the pandemic, higher food and energy prices, and broader price pressures.
Russia’s war against Ukraine is causing tremendous human and economic hardship. The war and related events are creating additional upward pressure on inflation and are weighing on global economic activity. The Committee is highly attentive to inflation risks.
The Committee seeks to achieve maximum employment and inflation at the rate of 2 percent over the longer run. In support of these goals, the Committee decided to raise the target range for the federal funds rate to 3-3/4 to 4 percent. The Committee anticipates that ongoing increases in the target range will be appropriate in order to attain a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to return inflation to 2 percent over time. In determining the pace of future increases in the target range, the Committee will take into account the cumulative tightening of monetary policy, the lags with which monetary policy affects economic activity and inflation, and economic and financial developments. In addition, the Committee will continue reducing its holdings of Treasury securities and agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities, as described in the Plans for Reducing the Size of the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet that were issued in May. The Committee is strongly committed to returning inflation to its 2 percent objective.
In assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy, the Committee will continue to monitor the implications of incoming information for the economic outlook. The Committee would be prepared to adjust the stance of monetary policy as appropriate if risks emerge that could impede the attainment of the Committee’s goals. The Committee’s assessments will take into account a wide range of information, including readings on public health, labor market conditions, inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and financial and international developments.
Take-Away
Higher interest rates can weigh on stocks as companies that rely on borrowing may find their cost of capital has increased. The risk of inflation also weighs on the markets. Additionally, investors find that alternative investments that pay a known yield may, at some point, be preferred to equities. For these reasons, higher interest rates are of concern to the stock market investor. However, an unhealthy, highly inflationary economy also comes at a cost to the economy, businesses, and households.
The next FOMC meeting is also a two-day meeting that takes place December 14-15. If the updates to GDP, the pace of employment, and overall economic activity is little changed, the Federal Reserve is expected to move again, perhaps not in as big of a step.
The Many Factors that Come Into a Fed Rate Decision are Mind Boggling
What do the FOMC members look at as they’re changing interest rates and whipping up new policy stances?
The Federal Open Market Committee, or FOMC, meets eight times a year. There are 12 members; seven are board members of the Federal Reserve System, and five are Reserve Bank presidents, including the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, who serves as president of the committee. The group, as a whole, is arguably among the most powerful entities in the world. What is it that this group, that impacts all of us, focus on? And what specifically will they weigh into their decision at the current meeting?
Labor markets and prices are top on the Fed’s list and specifically part of their mandate. Also feeding into the mandate are contributing factors like housing, growth trends, and risks to monetary policy.
Prices (Inflation Rates)
Inflation remains elevated. In September, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) picked up to 0.4%. Energy prices declined in each month of the third quarter, dropping a cumulative 11.3% since June. The Fed will have to discern if this is sustainable or a function of oil reserve releases that will need replacing. Food prices continued high, although at a slower 0.8% increase during September.
Core CPI inflation (which strips out energy and food) started the third quarter at a somewhat slow pace—increasing just 0.3% in July. The trend went against the Fed as it rose by 0.6% in both August and September. Price growth for services was the largest contributor to an increase in core CPI in the third quarter.
One of the two mandates of the Federal Reserve is to keep inflation at bay. Chairman Powell has said they are targeting a 2% annual inflation level. While nothing that has been reported in price increases since the last meeting has approached that low of a target, the Fed also has to consider their tightening moves do not work to lower demand (especially in food and energy) rapidly.
The Federal Reserve’s preferred measure of inflation is the PCE price index; this is the measure they use with their 2% target. The PCE price index typically shows lower price growth than CPI because it uses a different methodology in its calculation, but the drivers of both measures remain similar. Over the year ending September, the headline PCE price index rose 6.2 percent, while the core PCE price index was up 5.1 percent.
Jobs (Employment and Wages)
Labor markets are still tight. The economy has added an additional 3.8 million jobs this year through September. This includes 1.1 million during the most recent quarter. During the third quarter, the U.S. economy exceeded pre-pandemic employment levels. The unemployment rate hasn’t budged much, and as of September, the rate held at a comfortable 3.5 percent rate.
The broadest measure of unemployment—the U-6 rate is a measure of labor underutilization that includes underemployment and discouraged workers, in addition to the unemployed. The U-6 rate has also remained behaved all year. It stood at 6.7 percent in September, the lowest rate in the history of the series (starting in January 1994).
When the Fed pushes on a lever for one of its mandates, in this case it is tightening to reign in inflation, it has to watch the impact on its other mandate, in this case, the job market. So far, there is nothing that has occurred on the employment side that should tell the Fed they have gone too far too fast.
.In fact, the labor numbers may suggest they should discuss whether they have moved nearly fast enough. Competition for employees continued as the economy added an additional 3.8 million through September 2022 (1.1 million during the third quarter). Notably, during the third quarter, the economy surpassed pre-pandemic employment levels as of August 2022.
Image: FOMC participants meet in Washington, D.C., for a two-day meeting on September 20-21, 2022, Federal Reserve (Flickr).
Housing Markets
Housing demand decreased in the third quarter as affordability (lending rates + prices), with economic uncertainty weighed on homebuyers. During September, 90% of all home sales were of existing homes. This pace declined 1.5 percent over the month (down 23.8 percent on a twelve-month basis). New single-family home sales dropped a large 10.9% in September; this was the seventh monthly decline.
Homes available for sale have now risen from all-time lows; this includes new and existing.
Over the past few years, home prices have increased dramatically; this was fueled by Fed policy. Prices still remain above longer-term trendlines. The Case-Shiller national house price index measures sales prices of existing homes; this was up 13% over the year ending August 2022. For reference, for the 12 months ended August 2021, prices rose 20%. The prior year they had only increased 5.8%.
Housing plays a huge role in economic health. The Fed is well aware of all the housing-related inputs to the 2008 financial crisis and the part easy money plays in market crashes. Orchestrating an orderly slowdown to the boom in housing is certainly critical to the Fed’s success.
Other Risks to Economy
Eight times a year, information related to each of the 12 Federal Reserve districts is gathered and bound in a publication known as theBeige Book. This summary of economic activity throughout the U.S. is provided approximately two weeks before each FOMC meeting, so members have a chance to evaluate economic activity over the diverse businesses the U.S. engages in.
U.S. Inflation can arise from conditions outside of the control of the U.S. For example Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has added upward pressure to inflation this year. This impact may have to be determined and netted out of calculations and policy as the Fed can’t fight this inflation pressure with monetary policy. An example would be the Fed can’t alter global food shortages brought on by war.
Dollar strength or weakness comes from many things. One of the most impactful is the difference in interest rates net of inflation between countries and their native currency. If the Fed raises rates when a competing currency has not, there is a chance there will be more demand for the alternative currency, which would weaken the dollar. Further complicating this for the Federal Resreve is a lower dollar is inflationary as it causes import prices to rise, a stronger dollar can reduce domestic economic activity as exports fall. The U.S. dollar has been rising and is now at its strongest in 20 years.
Commodity Prices were elevated in the first half of this year, mostly by energy. Although there was some relief from gas prices over the summer, energy is expected to rise into the colder months. They may rise further as the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserves are used less to control prices, this may be curtailed. The White House’s two goals of sharply reducing Russian revenue and avoiding further disruptions to global energy supplies while at the same time reducing oil use and production within the U.S. are a tanglement the Fed needs to consider. These can be very impactful to costs and economic activity, yet The Fed has no direct levers to impact these economic inputs.
World economies play a part in our own economic pace. If the Fed were to tighen aggressively while the global business is slowing, the impact of the tightening might be more pronounced than if the world economies are booming. Demand for goods and services impacts prices; the U.S. doesn’t live in a vacuum, and demand for our production and our demand for foreign production all must weigh on the Feds outlook for global economic health.
According to the IMF’s latest World Economic Outlook, global growth is expected to slow to 3.2 percent in 2022 and just 2.7 percent in 2023. At the same time, central banks around the world are tightening monetary policy to fight high global rates of inflation. In addition, there has been financial instability in some major world economies. These rising risks to the global growth outlook may feed back into the U.S. outlook by weakening international demand for U.S. goods and service exports. On the positive economic side, China is considering easing its Zero-COVID policy, which could eventually ease the supply chain impact to inflation.
Take Away
The original question was, “What do the FOMC members look at as they’re changing interest rates and whipping up new policy stances?” The answer is they have to look at everything. The recent mix of “everything” shows growth and employment in the U.S. have sustained at an even keel. Will previous rate hikes to calm inflation eventually take their toll? This is probably the big question the FOMC will be evaluating. Other domestic issues, including housing and the financial markets, are certainly to be weighed as well – a market crash of any magnitude could quickly slow economic activity.
The Fed has little control over what goes on overseas but must be aware of and hedge its policy to allow for.
All told, the Federal Reserve has a very difficult job. The report of the new monetary policy stance should hit the wire at 2 pm ET today (November 2).
Looking Back at October and Forward to Year-End 2022
The stock market for October was a home run for many industries. In fact, only a few market sectors were negative, each by less than one percent. After a losing first three quarters in most categories, investors are now asking, are we out of the losing slump? Did I already miss the best plays? There are still two months left in 2022, and there are a number of expected events that could cause high volatility (up/down). If you’ve been a market spectator, you want to know, should I get on the field and maybe take advantage of this streak? If you’ve been involved and are now at a recent high, you may instead consider taking a seat for the last two months.
Let’s look back and then forward as we enter the final two months of the year. Below we look at the month behind us in stocks, gold, and crypto. There is something that may be unfolding is stocks that is worth steering around.
Large industrials, as measured by the Dow 30, had the best comparative performance in October. In fact, the Dow had its best month since 1976. Some investors have been rotating out of large high-tech and into more traditional businesses, like large industrial companies. Another reason it has gotten attention is of the 30 stocks in the Dow Industrials, at least 27 are expected to pay dividends; the lower stock prices from months of decline have raised the expected dividend yields to levels where investors are finding value and doing some reallocating. For example, Dow Chemicals (DOW)with a yield near 5% (plus any appreciations) or Verizon (VZ) at 7% can be appealing, especially for assets of retirees.
The small-cap stocks, as measured by the Russell 2000, weren’t far behind the Dow 30. This group has been lagging for some time and, by many measures, including price/earnings, offers value, while many larger stocks are still considered overpriced. Another thing working in favor of small U.S.-based companies is a likely customer universe that is not hurt by a strong dollar and international trade. In fact, there are small companies that can be shown to have benefitted from a strong native currency and have a competitive advantage with lower borrowing needs. Many analysts expect continued outperformance of the small-cap sector as it offers value and less global disruption.
The top 500 largest stocks, as measured by the S&P 500, had a very good month but are being dragged down by the large weighting of a few huge companies that the market feels have gotten way ahead of where they should be reasonably priced. The Nasdaq 100, shown above as returning only around 3.6%, has been hurt by this index weighting as well. These indexes had once benefitted from these few stocks flying high during the pandemic; the post-pandemic world, as well as global headwinds, are now working against them.
Investors have been taught that index funds and ETFs provide diversification, but that has never been true of Dow-indexed funds (30 stocks). And the S&P and Nasdaq 100, with heavy weightings in a few companies, only give the illusion of broad exposure. The S&P 500 and Nasdaq 100 relative performance during October may cause more investors to consider hand-selecting companies with lower P/Es, lower global exposure, and higher growth potential.
Oil companies regained their lead as they have been a sector detached from other stocks since late 2019. The industrial sector was second and followed by the only other industry above double digits, finance. Most (not all) financial companies benefit from higher interest rates, and those that take deposits (short-term) and lend money (long-term) do best with a steep yield curve.
On the bottom of the list are consumer discretionary companies, which are hurt by the strong dollar and a weakening economy; this sector is followed by communication. Communication is worth a deeper dive as it exemplifies how the weighting of stocks in popular indexes can hurt index returns – some say high-flying, highly weighted stocks are even in a bubble.
Below the chart compares two names in the S&P 500 that are also represented in the communications index. Meta (META) is 17.70% of the index and is down 30% in October. AT&T (T) is 4.70% of the communications index; it returned nearly 20% for the month. The funds weighting methodology that worked to the advantage of index investors, until it didn’t, has worked against some index investors.
There is a rivalry of sorts between larger, more accepted cryptocurrencies and gold. Gold wants to regain its centuries-old place as the hard asset that best represents safety, even in the worst conditions, and Bitcoin or Ether, which is looking for respect, as the alternative asset that represents safety.
Crypto has been loosely moving in the same direction as stocks all year. October was no exception, as its price per dollar rose significantly during the month. Gold, despite much worry in the world, continued a slow downtrend.
Gold and Bitcoin Performance
Source: Koyfin
Take Away
Stock market participants that held on finally got a month where it was hard not to come out ahead. The question now is, do you take the gains and sit tight while the fed tightening, election, war, and global recession settle? Or do you look at the current dynamics and allocate where the highest probability of success lies? Maybe small-cap value stocks or oil and gas companies.
There is one thing investors have been warned about repeatedly over the years by well-respected investors, including Michael Burry. There is a risk inherent in indexes now that a few extremely “overpriced” stocks represent a large percentage of index funds.
Investors evaluating smaller, individual stocks have found the data and analysis on Channelchek to be indispensable. Be sure to sign-up for Channelchek at no cost to receive unbiased research on companies that are less talked about, but may have a place in your portfolio mix.
What Other Than a Large Rate Hike Can Investors Expect this Week?
Another 75 basis point hike is expected on Wednesday after the November 1-2 FOMC meeting. The discussion that is expected to immediately follow is will the Federal Reserve slow or pause its tightening from there. Those answers can’t be certain as even the Fed hasn’t seen the economic numbers unfold that will lead to the next meeting and play a part in the decision.
Since March, the FOMC has raised rates a cumulative 300 basis points. If they move .75 percent this week, the fed funds target range will be 3.75%-4.00%. This range was last experienced after the January 2008 meeting.
In September’s Summary of Economic Projections, the FOMC forecast for the fed funds rate was 1.25 percent above the current level or .50 percent above what most expect we will have by the end of the week. The statement and remarks following the next FOMC meeting by Chairman Powell may suggest that the FOMC is going to slow down the upward movement in rates while they see if previous rate hikes have begun to have a slowing impact on the economic pace.
The second scheduled event with the most potential to impact markets is the October Employment Situation on Thursday.
From there, all attention and talk may be on the elections next week, as they can have a powerful impact on market moves.
Monday 10/31
9:45 am US Chicago Purchasing Managers Report (PMI). The consensus is 47.3. For September, this survey of business conditions in the Chicago area showed a collapse to 45.7. A small improvement is expected from the October Survey
10:30 am Dallas Fed Manufacturing Survey is expected to come in at -18.0. This would be the sixth straight negative reading. This survey tracks manufacturing in Texas; for September, the results were -17.2.
3:00 pm US Farm Prices are expected to have come down during October by -1.8%, showing a year-over-year rate of 20% increase in farm prices. This is an important inflationary gauge as farm prices are a leading indicator of food price changes Consumer Price Index (CPI). There is a direct relationship between inflation and interest rates; markets can be influenced as interest rate expectations rise and fall.
Tuesday 11/1
The Federal Open Market Committee meets eight times a year in order to determine the near-term direction of monetary policy. The November meeting extends through November 2. After the meeting, typically at 2 pm, any change in monetary policy is announced.
10:00 am US Construction Spending is expected to have fallen by -.5%. Construction spending fell 0.7 percent in August, which was the seventh straight lower-than-expected result, showing lower activity in this important economic sector.
10:00 am JOLTS report consensus is 9.875 million. These reported job openings have been falling over several months; the previous month’s (August) openings reported were 10.05 million. The acronym JOLTS stands for Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey.
Wednesday 11/2
Motor Vehicle Sales (US) are expected to have increased to 14.2 million from 13.5 million in September. The pattern of consumption is a direct influencer on company earnings and stock prices. Strong economic growth translates to healthy corporate profits and higher stock prices.
10:30 am EIA Petroleum Report shows crude inventory changes, as well as gasoline and other petroleum products. The Energy Information Administration provides this report weekly. During periods when inflation and fuel prices are a concern, the data in these reports can play a wider-than-normal role in influencing stock, bond, and of course, commodity price levels.
FOMC Announcement usually comes at 2:00 pm. The expectations had not changed since the last meeting when it became widely expected that the Federal Reserve would raise overnight lending rates at this meeting by 0.75%. A big focus will be on the policy statement following the meeting to sense at what pace removing accommodation will continue in the US.
Thursday 11/3
8:30 am US Jobless Clams are expected to be 222,000 for the week ending October 29. The prior week they had been 217,000. Employment is one of the Feds’ primary concerns as it fights inflation which also tops the list.
10:00 am US Factory orders are expected to have risen in September by 0.3%. The prior month this leading indicator of future economic activity was flat.
10:30 am EIA Natural Gas weekly report will update the current stocks and storage as well as production information from five regions within the US.
Friday 11/4
8:30 am, the Employment Situation report is released. It is expected to show an unemployment rate of 3.6%, or 210,000. The results of this survey have the potential to jar markets late in the week as one of the more important measures of a healthy economy (weak or overheated) is employment levels.
What Else
If the week brings more clarity from the Federal Reserve and likely next moves, investors may begin to focus on retail numbers as the calendar moves toward the shopping season.
Is the Halloween Investment Strategy a Trick or a Treat?
What Is the Halloween Strategy? Is it statistically reliable? What have the results been?
The directive, “Always remember to buy in November,” has a few different names; the Halloween effect, the Halloween indicator, are among the more common. It answers the question, If I sell in May and walk away, when do I come back? This is because the “Halloween Strategy” and the “Sell in May” strategies are related — they are different ways of suggesting the same action. The results should be identical.
What Is It?
The Halloween strategy is over a century old. Buying when October ends is essentially a market-timing strategy based on the thought that the overall stock market performs better between Oct. 31st (Halloween) and May 1st than it performs from May through the end of October. The directive suggests first that market timing yields better results than buy and hold. Secondly, it says the probability of better results compared to buying and holding is increased, over this period. Those who subscribe to this approach recommend not investing at all during the summer months.
Evidence suggests this strategy does perform well over time, but despite many theories, there is no clear or agreed-upon reason. A famous study was done by Sven Bouman (AEGON Asset Mgmt.) and Ben Jacobsen (Erasmus University Rotterdam) and published in the American Economic Review December 2002. The study documents the existence of a strong seasonal effect in stock returns based on the Halloween indicator. They found the “inherited wisdom” to be true globally and useful in 36 of the 37 developed and emerging markets they studied. They reported the Sell in May effect tends to be particularly strong in European countries and is robust over time. Their sample evidence shows that in the UK the effect has been noticeable since 1694. They also reported, “While we have examined a number of possible explanations, none of these appears to explain the puzzle convincingly.”
Is it Reliable?
I didn’t go back as far as 1694 the way Sven and Ben did. And I didn’t collect data from emerging and developed markets around the globe. More pertinent to Channelchek readers is whether this strategy used on the U.S. markets has been worthwhile.
Data Source: Koyfin
The above chart is a compilation of average results for two six-month periods, May through October and November through April. It also looks at two different indexes, the largest stocks in the S&P 500 (blue shades) index and small-cap stocks of the Russell 2000 (orange shades).
What was discovered is that during the period, investors in either of these indexes would have had positive earnings during either “season.” So it supports “buy and hold” wisdom or, at least, staying invested. During the Halloween through May period, the smallcap Russell returned 8.60%, while during the other six months, performance was a weaker 2.92%. The S&P 500 maintained consistent averages in the low 5% area for either period.
What Have the Results Been?
Since the turn of the century, investors would have fared better if they bought stocks represented in the small-cap average after Halloween, then moved to S&P 500 stocks in May. Below are the results of the 21 periods. The highest returns of either index occurred during the latest Halloween to May cycle. It was the small-cap index that measured a 45.76% gain. The index also measured the second-highest gain during the Sell in May 2004 measurement period. The Sell in May small-cap index also can claim the two lowest performance numbers.
Data Source: Koyfin
Take-Away
The Halloween strategy says that investors should be fully invested in stocks from November through April, and out of stocks from May through October. Variations of this strategy and its accompanying axioms have been around for over a century. Looking at the last 21 years, a deviation that would have paid off would have been moving to small-caps after Halloween.
Both “seasons,” for both measured indexes had positive average earnings. So the notion of staying fully invested is supported using recent data.
A Lack of Fed Pivot Doesn’t Have to Equate to Lower Stock Prices
The Fed is not likely to have suddenly indicated a pivot.
Despite the stock market rally and fresh news stories suggesting the Fed is indicating a more dovish stance, the notion has one problem. There are limits placed on Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) participants and whether they can grant interviews or give speeches before policy-setting meetings. They can not interact on the subject of policy. The current blackout period began October 22nd and will carry through the November 2nd final meeting day. So, investors may wish to consider other reasons if the stock market is rallying. Earnings, oversold conditions, year-end rally, perhaps news stories created by bloggers or journalists that don’t possess experience or understanding.
Image: Number of times “Fed Pivot” was searched using Google
Current State of Tightening
This year the Fed has been tightening aggressively after having brought interest rates down aggressively a couple of years back. For many investors, a tightening cycle, ending with interest rates a safe margin above the inflation rate, is not something they can recall. This is because the Fed has been stabilizing employment during tricky times in a way that has lifted the markets out of whatever trouble there may have been. Rates have been well below the average 6% to 8% range. This has been going on since at least 2008 – by some measures, way before.
There have been five times since late Spring that investors and TV’s talking heads were convinced the Fed has gone too far and will now begin bringing rates back. So far, all the hoping has done nothing to help; the track record stands at zero for five. While it remains to be seen and heard what to expect from monetary policy starting mid-next week, the current inflation rate and words that the Fed board members have said indicate another 75 bp hike in funds.
Looking Forward
Can this change? We get a look at third-quarter GDP on Thursday. This measures U.S. domestic production. A bad number could cause the Fed to rethink aggressive tightening. However, the expectations are that it will be higher than it has been all year (2.3% growth rate) which gives the Fed even greater ability to hit the brakes. Also, the PCE Price Index, viewed as the Fed’s preferred inflation indicator, is released Friday (6.3% YoY expected).
The Federal Reserve’s, monetary policy does not cater to the stock market. It does consider it because, of the wealth effect. The wealth effect is where consumers feel poorer because of declines in asset values, and while their disposable income may not have changed, they hunker down and spend less. This secondary impact to spending is the only attention the Fed officially pays to stocks.
Interest Rates
Real interest rates are still negative. Imagine buying a bond knowing that despite being exposed to maturity and credit risk, while tying up money, your spending power will almost certainly be less when it matures. This isn’t why people invest; in fact, if that scenario remains and inflation persists, the best use of savings may be to consider any large purchases you think you may incur in the coming few years and make them now. At the moment, inflation hasn’t shown signs of abating, something has to give; bond investors are going to require higher yields, Japan has already experienced a bond-buyer “strike.”
Where Do We Go from Here
For now, the consensus view is that inflation should drift back down to 3% or even lower by 2025. If energy continues to decline, supply-chain issues are resolved, and a strong U.S. dollar persists, the consensus may be correct. But one should be aware there are very bright economists that deviate from the consensus by plus or minus 300 bp or more.
The markets may have already priced in bad news; rates heading back to normalcy (upward) doesn’t immediately mean a bad stock market. We can easily rally through the end of the year and still experience a sixth time the Fed has refrained from pivoting but instead has made sure its words were cleansed of anything that can be construed as reversing course.
