The US government posted a $95 billion budget deficit in January, marking a sharp improvement from the same month a year earlier as revenue gains — including a surge in customs duties — outpaced modest growth in federal spending.
According to data released by the Treasury Department, January’s deficit was $34 billion lower than in January 2025, a decline of 26%. After adjusting for routine calendar-related payment shifts, including benefit disbursements affected by weekends and holidays, the deficit would have been just $30 billion — a 63% drop from the comparable period last year.
Government receipts totaled $560 billion in January, an increase of $47 billion, or 9%, compared with a year earlier. Meanwhile, federal outlays reached $655 billion, up $13 billion, or 2%. Both receipts and spending set records for the month of January, reflecting the continued expansion of the federal government’s revenue base and spending obligations. Despite the record figures, the deficit itself was not a record for the month.
The narrowing gap reflects stronger revenue performance relative to spending growth, a dynamic that has also carried into the broader fiscal year. Through the first four months of fiscal 2026, which began October 1, the deficit totaled $697 billion — down $143 billion, or 17%, from the same period in fiscal 2025.
Year-to-date receipts have climbed to $1.785 trillion, up 12% from the prior year period, while outlays have increased more modestly, rising 2% to $2.482 trillion. Both figures represent records for the first four months of a fiscal year, though the cumulative deficit is not historically unprecedented.
A significant driver of the revenue increase has been a surge in customs duties tied to tariffs implemented under President Donald Trump. Net customs receipts totaled $27.7 billion in January, roughly in line with December levels and only slightly below the approximately $30 billion monthly pace recorded late last year. By comparison, customs duties in January 2025 — before the administration’s tariff measures were announced — stood at just $7.3 billion.
On a fiscal year-to-date basis, net customs duties have reached $117.7 billion, a dramatic rise from $28.2 billion during the same period last year. The sharp increase underscores the growing role tariffs are playing in federal revenue collection.
Another factor contributing to January’s improved deficit figure was a rare decline in Treasury interest payments. Interest outlays on the public debt fell by $12 billion to $72 billion for the month. Treasury officials attributed the drop to technical adjustments related to inflation-linked securities, with some payments affected by last year’s government shutdown and delayed consumer price index data.
However, despite the January dip, interest costs remain elevated overall. Through the first four months of fiscal 2026, interest payments on the national debt have totaled $426 billion — a record for that period and up 9% from a year earlier.
While January’s improved deficit provides a measure of fiscal relief, the broader picture remains complex. Revenues are rising at a healthy pace, aided in part by tariffs, but interest costs continue to consume a growing share of federal spending. Whether the current trend of revenue outpacing spending can be sustained will depend on economic growth, inflation trends, and future policy decisions in Washington.