The criminal trial of Sam Bankman-Fried, the disgraced founder of bankrupt crypto exchange FTX, kicks off on Tuesday in New York. Bankman-Fried faces seven charges related to allegedly misusing billions in customer funds to cover losses at his hedge fund, Alameda Research. If convicted on all counts, he could face over 100 years in prison.
The charges include wire fraud, conspiracy to commit wire fraud, securities fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering, and conspiracy to commit bank fraud. Prosecutors claim Bankman-Fried orchestrated “one of the biggest financial frauds in American history” by funneling customer deposits from FTX to Alameda to cover bad bets.
Up to $8 billion in customer money has allegedly gone missing. The government’s star witnesses will likely be former Alameda CEO Caroline Ellison and FTX co-founder Gary Wang, both of whom have pleaded guilty to charges and are cooperating.
The trial is anticipated to last 6 weeks. Jury selection begins Tuesday morning. Bankman-Fried has pleaded not guilty, and his defense may argue he was following lawyer guidance and unaware his actions were illegal. A second trial on additional charges is set for March 2024.
The Rise and Fall of Sam Bankman-Fried
Bankman-Fried first made his name in 2017 exploiting arbitrage opportunities in bitcoin prices across exchanges. He launched trading firm Alameda Research to capitalize on these trades. Alameda’s success led to the 2019 founding of FTX, which offered innovative crypto trading products.
Bankman-Fried amassed a $26 billion personal fortune at one point. He became a major political donor and crypto’s poster child. But in 2022, as crypto prices crashed, his empire crumbled. Regulators allege Bankman-Fried secretly used FTX customer deposits to cover Alameda’s losses from the start.
Though FTX claimed to have robust risk management, it had little record-keeping. Alameda lost $3.7 billion despite claims it was profitable. It used FTX customer funds and overvalued FTT tokens as collateral for billions in loans. Lenders issued margin calls in 2022, but Alameda lacked assets to cover debts.
The Collapse and Charges
When FTX’s reliance on customer funds was exposed, customers raced to withdraw. But FTX didn’t have their money. Bankman-Fried tried unsuccessfully to find investors for a bailout. He claimed publicly that assets were fine, but privately admitted billions were missing. FTX paused withdrawals, and Bankman-Fried turned to rival Binance for a takeover.
But the deal fell through as the extent of missing funds and mismanagement was revealed. Bankman-Fried resigned, and FTX filed bankruptcy on November 11, 2022. The DOJ arrested Bankman-Fried in the Bahamas in December on fraud and money laundering charges. Prosecutors allege he knowingly misled investors and misused billions in customer deposits from the very start.
Billions Remain Missing
While FTX’s bankruptcy team has recovered over $7 billion so far, billions more in customer funds remain unaccounted for. Bankman-Fried was previously hailed as an effective altruist who touted crypto’s potential for good. But regulators say greed and deception drove FTX from the beginning. The human toll of lost life savings won’t be fully known for some time.
Bankman-Fried now faces the prospect of spending most of his life in prison. The outcome of the trial could shape crypto regulation going forward. But the damage to retail investors and confidence in the industry has already been done. Crypto may never fully shed the stain of FTX’s epic collapse.